Exam 4 Chapter 22 Flashcards
Which respiratory structures are lined with respiratory mucose? List the functions of this mucous membrane.
nasal cavity, nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx
- functions to warm, filter, and moisten inhaled air
Differentiate external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.
External = gas exchange between blood and lungs
Internal = gas exchange between blood and body tissues
Cellular = use oxygen to make ATP from glucose
Differentiate the pharynx from the larynx.
Pharynx = posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Larynx = voice box
What structures forms the inferior boundary of each region of the phaynx?
Nasopharynx = uvula
Oropharynx = epiglottis
Laryngopharynx = inferior edge of cricoid cartilage
TO which laryngeal cartilages do the vocal folds attach?
arytenoid cartilages and extend anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage
What parameters influence the pitch and loudness of our voice?
length and tension influence pitch
force of air passing through the vocal cords = loudness
What nerve innervates our vocal appratus?
CN X - vagus nerve
What features of the trachea and larger bronchi trap and remove foreign particles from inhaled air? What performs this function in the alveoli?
mucous membrane secretes mucus
- alveolar macrophages
At what level of the bronchial tree are cartilage plates no longer found?
bronchioles
What is the extent of elastin in the bronchial tree?
all the way down to and surrounding the alveoli
Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.
composed on endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillaries, simple squamous epithelium of the alveolar wall and fused basal lamina of these tissues
How does contraction of the diaphragm affect the volume of the thoracic cavity? How does this change affect the pressure in the pleural cavity?
increases volume of the thoracic cavity
- decreases pressure, causing air to enter the lungs
What accessory muscles may be used for inspiration in a person experiencing respiratory distress? What muscles are active during forced expiration?
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
- mainly abdominal muscles active in forced expiration
Why don’t we have to think about breathing?
Ventral respiratory group neurons stimulate the somatic motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles
What causes smoker’s cough, the persistent cough that commonly afflicts long-term or heavy smokers?
chronic bronchitis
- excess secretion of mucus, bronchial inflammation, fibrosis
