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Anatomy > Exam 2 Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What structural similarities are shared by all muscle tissue?

A

All muscle tissue contains the myofilaments actin and myosin, generating contractile forces.
- plasma membrane = sarcolemma
- cytoplasm = sarcoplasm

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2
Q

What are the unique functional properties of this tissue?

A
  • contractility
  • excitability
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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3
Q

Which types of muscle tissue are striated?

A

Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Which types are called visceral muscle?

A

cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
- in visceral organs not voluntarily controlled by

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5
Q

In which types are the muscle cells called fibers?

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

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6
Q

Name the connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle.

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

What are the functional definitions of the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

attachment site of the muscle that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts

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8
Q

In the limbs, what are the conventional definitions of a muscle’s origin and insertion?

A

Origin = proximal attachment
Insertion = located distally

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9
Q

Place the following structures in order from smallest to largest and define myofibril, muscle fiber, myofilament, sarcomere.

A

1) Myofilament - contractile proteins actin and myosin
2) Sarcomere - made of myofilaments in striated muscle
3) Myofibril - organelle within a muscle cell made up of repeating sarcomeres
4) Muscle fiber - muscle cell

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10
Q

Which myofilaments are found only in the A band?

A

thick myofilaments (myosin)

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11
Q

What are the functions of the terminal cistern and the T tubules?

A
  • Terminal cistern stores Ca++
  • T tubules carry the stimulus to contract from the surface sarcolemma to the deeper regions of the muscle fiber, initiating the release of Ca++ from the terminal cistern
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12
Q

Why is overlap of the thin and thick filaments essential for muscle contraction?

A

The myosin heads must attach to the overlapping thin filament to generate a contractile force
- no overlap = nothing to attach to

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13
Q

Which region of the myofibril changes in length during contraction: the A band, the I band, or the Z disc?

A

The length of I band shortens during muscle contraction

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14
Q

Differentiate a neuromuscular junction from a motor unit.

A

The neuromuscular junction is the connection between a single terminal bouton and a muscle fiber
- motor unit = single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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15
Q

What connective tissue lies just outside the sarcolemma of an individual muscle cell?

A

endomysium

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16
Q

What is true about fibromyalgia?

A

It is a chronic pain syndrome.
Its cause is unknown.
It mostly affects women.

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17
Q

Which filament contains myosin heads?

A

thick filament

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18
Q

Which filament contains actin?

A

thin filament

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19
Q

Which filament does not lie in the H zone?

A

thin filament

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20
Q

Which filament contains myosin?

A

thick filament

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21
Q

Which filament attaches to a Z disc?

A

thin filament

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22
Q

Which filament does not lie in the I band?

A

thick filament

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23
Q

Does the H band narrow when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts?

A

Yes

24
Q

Does the A band narrow when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts?

A

no

25
Q

Does the I band narrow when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts?

A

yes

26
Q

Does the M line narrow when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts?

A

no

27
Q

What skeletal muscle organization is rod-shaped organelle and made of sarcomeres?

A

myofibril

28
Q

What skeletal muscle organization is an organ?

A

muscle

29
Q

What skeletal muscle organization is a bundle of cells?

A

fascicle

30
Q

What skeletal muscle organization is a group of large molecules?

A

myofilament

31
Q

What skeletal muscle organization is a cell?

A

fiber

32
Q

What’s false about fast glycolytic fibers?

A

They use aerobic pathways to produce ATP.
They don’t generate much power.
They don’t tire quickly..

33
Q

Which fiber type would be the most useful in the leg muscles of a long-distance runner?

A

fast oxidative

34
Q

What’s false about titin, a myofibril protein?

A

It’s a very small molecule.
It’s responsible for the M line.
It’s found in the H zone.

35
Q

What muscle is striated and involuntary?

A

cardiac muscle

36
Q

What muscle is striated and voluntary?

A

skeletal muscle

37
Q

What muscle is not striated and involuntary?

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

What muscle is present in wall of bladder?

A

smooth muscle

39
Q

What muscle is located only in the heart?

A

cardiac muscle

40
Q

What muscle is located only in the heart?

A

skeletal muscle

41
Q

What muscle has giant, multinucleate cells as fibers?

A

skeletal and smooth muscle

42
Q

What muscle has individual muscle cells called muscle fibers?

A

smooth muscle

43
Q

What muscle has no A or I bands?

A

smooth muscle

44
Q

What muscle is located in the walls of hollow body organs/

A

smooth muscle

45
Q

What muscle has extranuclear materials called sarcoplasm instead of cytoplasm and plasma membrane called sarcolemma?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

46
Q

Name and explain the four special functional properties of muscle tissue.

A

1) Contractility: muscle tissue contracts forcefully
2) Excitability: nerve signals or other stimuli excited muscle cells, causing electrical impulses and contraction in muscle cells
3) Extensibility: muscle cells can be stretched; contraction of one = stretch in opposition
4) Elasticity: muscle tissue recoils passively and resumes its resting length

47
Q

Describe the arrangement of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium in a skeletal muscle.

A

Epimysium = outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the whole skeletal muscle
Perimysium = a layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each fascicle
Endomysium = a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers surrounding each muscle fiber in a fascicle

48
Q

Name the structure that these three sheaths help to form.

A

a tendon

49
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory of contraction.

A

The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction describes how muscles generate force and movement. Within each muscle fiber, myofibrils contain sarcomeres composed of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments. During contraction, myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges that pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, known as the power stroke. This action shortens the sarcomere, causing the muscle fiber to contract. ATP provides the energy for cross-bridge cycling, and when neural stimulation stops, calcium ions return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing the muscle to relax. Overall, the sliding filament theory elucidates the molecular processes underlying muscle contraction, fundamental to understanding muscle function and movement.

50
Q

Define motor unit.

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

51
Q

List the structural differences between the three distinct types of skeletal muscle fibers.

A

1) Slow oxidative fibers: large number of mitochondria and a rich supply of capillaries
2) Fast glycolytic fibers: pale (little myoglobin and twice the diameter of slow oxidative fibers, contain more myofilaments, and generate much more power
3) Fast oxidative fibers: large number of mitochondria and rich supply of capillaries

52
Q

Differentiate between myofilaments, myofibrils, fibers, and fascicles.

A

1) Myofilaments: smallest units within muscle fibers responsible for muscle contraction
2) Myofibrils: cylindrical organelles within muscle fibers, composed of bundles of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
3) Fibers: single, elongated cells containing multiple myofibrils
4) Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue, forming the visible structure of a muscle

53
Q

Which components of the sarcoplasm separate the myofibrils in a fiber from one another?

A

Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm of muscle fiber, surrounding and supporting the myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells

54
Q

Define sarcolemma and sarcoplasm.

A

Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fiber

55
Q

When does titin function?

A
  • molecular spring or elastic element within the sarcomere
  • helps stabilize the sarcomere structure during relaxation phases of the muscle
  • signaling pathways related to muscle development and adaptation to mechanical stress.

Anatomy (22 decks)

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