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Anatomy > Exam 1 Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general regions of a cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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2
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

external cell barrier and acts as transport of substances

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3
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

protein synthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

makes proteins that are secreted from the cell and makes the cell’s membranes

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5
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

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6
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane

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7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

intracellular digestion

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

detoxify
- breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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10
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement

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11
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

resist tension forces acting on the cell

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12
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

support the cell and give it shape
- forms centrioles

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13
Q

What is the function of nucleus?

A

control center of the cell
- genetic information

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14
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle and asters
- forms cilia and flagella

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15
Q

What is the function of nuclear envelope?

A

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

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16
Q

What is the function of nucleoli?

A

ribosome subunit manufacture

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17
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

DNA constitutes the genes

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18
Q

What types of macromolecules compose the plasma membrane?

A

lipids (phospholipids), sugars (glycolipids and glycoproteins), proteins

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19
Q

By what process does water leave and enter the cell?

A

osmosis

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20
Q

Which transport process carries large macromolecules out of the cell?

A

Exocytosis

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21
Q

Which cellular organelles are involved with protein synthesis and packaging?

A

Ribosomes and rough ER make proteins.
Golgi apparatus packages.

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22
Q

Which organelle produces the energy needed for cellular activity?

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

Which organelle would be prevalent in a cell that specialized in phagocytosis?

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

Which cytoskeletal element functions to resist tension and thus helps to keep the cell intact?

A

intermediate filament

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25
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

produces ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomal subunits

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26
Q

Which cytoplasmic organelle is continuous with the nuclear envelope?

A

Rough ER

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27
Q

How does the appearance of extended chromatin differ from that of condensed chromatin? What is the difference in function between these forms of chromatin?

A

Extended chromatin is thin strings of chromatin that appear as beads (histones) on a string (DNA). Extended chromatin is found in active regions of DNA where transcription is occurring.
Condensed chromatin is thick, tightly coiled chromatin that is found in inactive regions of DNA.

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28
Q

In which phase of the cell life cycle does the cell spend most of its life?

A

interphase

29
Q

What is the meaning of the root words that form the terms anaphase, metaphase, and telophase? What is happening during each step of mitosis?

A

Anaphase = apart: chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell
metaphase = between, transition: chromosomes align in the midline of the cell
telophase = the end: nuclei of daughter cells reassemble, cytokinesis continues, cell division ends

30
Q

Which cellular structures would be abundant in cells that specialize in producing movement, such as muscle cells?

A

actin and myosin microfilaments

31
Q

Which organelles would be abundant in cells that produce and secrete hormones?

A

rough ER, mitochondria, and secretory granules

32
Q

According to which aging theory presented here can the aging process be altered by individual behavior?

A

mitochondrial theory of aging
- reducing caloric intake can increase life span

33
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

endocytotic process in which matter is brought into the cell

34
Q

What is chromatin?

A

nuclear substance composed of histone proteins and DNA

35
Q

When are the final preparations for cell division made during the life cycle?

A

G2

36
Q

What is the bilayered structure of the plasma membrane made up of?

A

phospholipid molecules

37
Q

What organelle breaks down used proteins?

A

lysosomes

38
Q

What organelle metabolizes lipids and stores calcium?

A

smooth ER

39
Q

What organelle breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

A

peroxisome

40
Q

What organelle acts as a cell’s bones, muscles, and ligaments?

A

cytoskeleton

41
Q

What organelle makes a cell’s membrane?

A

rough ER

42
Q

What cell structure is the cytoskeletal rods with the thickest diameter?

A

microtubules

43
Q

What organelle has DNA and cristae?

A

mitochondria

44
Q

What organelle produces energy?

A

mitochondria

45
Q

What organelle makes proteins?

A

ribosomes or rough ER

46
Q

What is true about centrioles?

A

They start to duplicate in G1.
They lie in the centrosome.
They are made of microtubules.

47
Q

Where is the trans face of the golgi apparatus?

A

is where products leave the golgi apparatus in vesicles

48
Q

What is true about lysosomes?

A

They form by budding off the golgi apparatus.
Lysosomal enzymes do not occur freely in the cytosol in healthy cells.
They are abundant in phagocytic cells.

49
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A

The nucleoli disappear and the two centrosomes separate from one another.
The nuclear envelope breaks.
The centromeres of the chromosomes split.
The chromosomes cluster at the cell’s equator.

50
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) give the cell its shape?

A

microtubules

51
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) resist tension placed on a cell?

A

intermediate microfilaments

52
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) radiate from the centrosome?

A

microtubules

53
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) interact with myosin to produce contraction force?

A

actin microfilaments

54
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are the most stable?

A

intermediate filaments

55
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are associated with kinesins and dyneins?

A

microtubules

56
Q

Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are associated with the motor protein myosin?

A

actin microfilaments

57
Q

What organelle is abundant in a cell in the adrenal gland that makes steroid hormones?

A

smooth ER

58
Q

What organelle is abundant in white blood cells? (phagocytic)

A

lysosomes

59
Q

What organelle is abundant in liver cells? (detoxifies poisons)

A

peroxisomes or smooth ER

60
Q

What organelle is abundant in muscle cells? (highly contractile)

A

microfilaments

61
Q

What organelle is abundant in mucous cell? (secretes protein product)

A

rough ER

62
Q

What organelle is abundant in epithelial cell in the outer layer of skin? (withstands tension)

A

intermediate filaments

63
Q

What organelle is abundant in kidney tubule cell? (makes and used large amounts of ATP)

A

mitochondria

64
Q

What cell stores nutrients?

A

fat cells

65
Q

List all the cytoplasmic organelles that are composed of lipid-bilayer membranes.

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes

66
Q

List all the cytoplasmic organelles that are not membranous.

A

ribosomes, centrioles, cytoskeletal componenets

67
Q

What’s the difference between nucleus and nucleolus?

A

nucleus contains genetic material and regulates cellular functions
nucleolus is in the nucleus for ribosome synthesis

68
Q

How is DNA, which in its uncoiled form is quite long, packed inside a cell’s nucleus?

A

Compact into chromatin and organized into looped domains
- ultimately becomes chromosomes

68
Q

From which microbe did mitochondria arise? What is the reason behind this belief?

A

aerobic bacteria
- both have double membrane and can divide independently within cells

Anatomy (22 decks)

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