Exam 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are the three general regions of a cell?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
external cell barrier and acts as transport of substances
What is the function of the ribosome?
protein synthesis
What is the function of rough ER?
makes proteins that are secreted from the cell and makes the cell’s membranes
What is the function of smooth ER?
site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane
What is the function of lysosomes?
intracellular digestion
What is the function of mitochondria?
ATP synthesis
What is the function of peroxisomes?
detoxify
- breaks down hydrogen peroxide
What is the function of microfilaments?
muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
resist tension forces acting on the cell
What is the function of microtubules?
support the cell and give it shape
- forms centrioles
What is the function of nucleus?
control center of the cell
- genetic information
What is the function of centrioles?
organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle and asters
- forms cilia and flagella
What is the function of nuclear envelope?
separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
What is the function of nucleoli?
ribosome subunit manufacture
What is the function of chromatin?
DNA constitutes the genes
What types of macromolecules compose the plasma membrane?
lipids (phospholipids), sugars (glycolipids and glycoproteins), proteins
By what process does water leave and enter the cell?
osmosis
Which transport process carries large macromolecules out of the cell?
Exocytosis
Which cellular organelles are involved with protein synthesis and packaging?
Ribosomes and rough ER make proteins.
Golgi apparatus packages.
Which organelle produces the energy needed for cellular activity?
Mitochondria
Which organelle would be prevalent in a cell that specialized in phagocytosis?
lysosomes
Which cytoskeletal element functions to resist tension and thus helps to keep the cell intact?
intermediate filament
What does the nucleolus produce?
produces ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomal subunits
Which cytoplasmic organelle is continuous with the nuclear envelope?
Rough ER
How does the appearance of extended chromatin differ from that of condensed chromatin? What is the difference in function between these forms of chromatin?
Extended chromatin is thin strings of chromatin that appear as beads (histones) on a string (DNA). Extended chromatin is found in active regions of DNA where transcription is occurring.
Condensed chromatin is thick, tightly coiled chromatin that is found in inactive regions of DNA.
In which phase of the cell life cycle does the cell spend most of its life?
interphase
What is the meaning of the root words that form the terms anaphase, metaphase, and telophase? What is happening during each step of mitosis?
Anaphase = apart: chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell
metaphase = between, transition: chromosomes align in the midline of the cell
telophase = the end: nuclei of daughter cells reassemble, cytokinesis continues, cell division ends
Which cellular structures would be abundant in cells that specialize in producing movement, such as muscle cells?
actin and myosin microfilaments
Which organelles would be abundant in cells that produce and secrete hormones?
rough ER, mitochondria, and secretory granules
According to which aging theory presented here can the aging process be altered by individual behavior?
mitochondrial theory of aging
- reducing caloric intake can increase life span
What is phagocytosis?
endocytotic process in which matter is brought into the cell
What is chromatin?
nuclear substance composed of histone proteins and DNA
When are the final preparations for cell division made during the life cycle?
G2
What is the bilayered structure of the plasma membrane made up of?
phospholipid molecules
What organelle breaks down used proteins?
lysosomes
What organelle metabolizes lipids and stores calcium?
smooth ER
What organelle breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
peroxisome
What organelle acts as a cell’s bones, muscles, and ligaments?
cytoskeleton
What organelle makes a cell’s membrane?
rough ER
What cell structure is the cytoskeletal rods with the thickest diameter?
microtubules
What organelle has DNA and cristae?
mitochondria
What organelle produces energy?
mitochondria
What organelle makes proteins?
ribosomes or rough ER
What is true about centrioles?
They start to duplicate in G1.
They lie in the centrosome.
They are made of microtubules.
Where is the trans face of the golgi apparatus?
is where products leave the golgi apparatus in vesicles
What is true about lysosomes?
They form by budding off the golgi apparatus.
Lysosomal enzymes do not occur freely in the cytosol in healthy cells.
They are abundant in phagocytic cells.
What occurs during mitosis?
The nucleoli disappear and the two centrosomes separate from one another.
The nuclear envelope breaks.
The centromeres of the chromosomes split.
The chromosomes cluster at the cell’s equator.
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) give the cell its shape?
microtubules
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) resist tension placed on a cell?
intermediate microfilaments
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) radiate from the centrosome?
microtubules
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) interact with myosin to produce contraction force?
actin microfilaments
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are the most stable?
intermediate filaments
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are associated with kinesins and dyneins?
microtubules
Which element (actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules) are associated with the motor protein myosin?
actin microfilaments
What organelle is abundant in a cell in the adrenal gland that makes steroid hormones?
smooth ER
What organelle is abundant in white blood cells? (phagocytic)
lysosomes
What organelle is abundant in liver cells? (detoxifies poisons)
peroxisomes or smooth ER
What organelle is abundant in muscle cells? (highly contractile)
microfilaments
What organelle is abundant in mucous cell? (secretes protein product)
rough ER
What organelle is abundant in epithelial cell in the outer layer of skin? (withstands tension)
intermediate filaments
What organelle is abundant in kidney tubule cell? (makes and used large amounts of ATP)
mitochondria
What cell stores nutrients?
fat cells
List all the cytoplasmic organelles that are composed of lipid-bilayer membranes.
nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes
List all the cytoplasmic organelles that are not membranous.
ribosomes, centrioles, cytoskeletal componenets
What’s the difference between nucleus and nucleolus?
nucleus contains genetic material and regulates cellular functions
nucleolus is in the nucleus for ribosome synthesis
How is DNA, which in its uncoiled form is quite long, packed inside a cell’s nucleus?
Compact into chromatin and organized into looped domains
- ultimately becomes chromosomes
From which microbe did mitochondria arise? What is the reason behind this belief?
aerobic bacteria
- both have double membrane and can divide independently within cells
