Exam 3 Chapter 16 (book) Flashcards
what role of Erikson’s stages encompasses adolescence
identity vs. role confusion
what does erikson believe solves the identity vs. role confusion crisis?
identity achievement
what is identity achievement
when people have reconsidered the goals and values of their parents and culture accepting some and discarding theirs to forge their own identity
what are james marcias 4 ways of coping with identity crisis?
- role confusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement
what is role confusion?
opposite of achievement, characterized by:
-ack of commitment to goals or value
-arises in early adolescence when hormones awaken sexual impulses
what is foreclosure?
occurs to avoid the confusion of sorting through all the nuances of identity and beliefs
-lump together cultural roles and values together either to be swallowed whole or rejected all together
-only temporary
what is negative identity?
part of foreclosure where a person rejects every part of their elders values and routines
what is moratorium?
a time out that includes exploration, either in breadth (trying many things) or depth (following one path with one tentative commitment)
-prevalent after age 18
what is identity achievement?
the final outcome
what are the arenas of identity formation?
- religious identity
- political identity
- ethnic identity
- gender identity
- intersectionality
religious identity
adolescents no longer accept their childhood religion without question
some become more devout, some reject altogether
political Identity
teens may:
-reflect their families views
-boast that they consider the person, not the party
-say they dont care about politics
-echo their parents views without realizing
voting is a social activity
tend to be more progressive than their elders as a whole
ethnic identity
the current US system pressures kids to est an ethnic identity sometimes in the form of racial identity
very nuanced and influenced by family and society
gender identity
-most difficult identity for adolescents
-adolescence is a time of gender intensification (often reflect the gender binary)
-some adolescents reject the binary and become more fluid
how do relationships with family impact adolescence
-provide direct guidance
-siblings can act as bullies, protectors, role models, rivals, or allies
4 important aspects of parent child relationships
- communication (do family members talk openly and honestly)
- support (do family members rely on each other)
- connectedness (how emotionally close are family members?)
- control ( do parents allow independence)
parental monitoring
parental knowledge about each childs whereabouts, activities, and companions
better when it comes from a warm and supportive place not a cold and punitive one which leads to deception and rebellion
what is familism?
the belief that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for one another
ex.) middle eastern cultures
how do adolescents choose friends?
-they select friends with similar values and interests
-then they either facilitate constructive (let study for chem) or destructive (lets go smoke pot) behaviors
teen behavior is driven mainly by…
peers and the limbic system more so than facts and the prefrontal cortex
what are three concerns with technology usage in adolescence?
gender inequity
sexual abuse
cyberbullying
relationship stopping
what percentage of 12 to 17 year olds have received counseling for emotional or behavioral problems?
16%
what two emotional issues generally see the largest uptick during adolescence
depression and anxiety
what is major depression
deep sadness and hopelessness that disrupts all normal, regular activities, affecting the brain
-notable dip in academic work withdrawal from friends and social interactions or marked changes in sleep or appetite
what are the two kids of teenage lawbreakers?
-adolescence limited offenders: criminal activity stops by age 21. They break the law with friends, facilitated and selected their chosen antisocial peers and their parents and community help them reform
-life course persistent offenders: become career criminals lawbreaking is done alone and a contributing factor is often neurological difference evident in learning disabilities.
what is the harm in drugs during adolescence?
psychoactive drugs excite the limbic system and disrupt the prefrontal cortex increasing pleasure transmitters but decreasing memory
bidirectional influence between drugs and education
alcohol in adolescence
most frequently used drug in north america
-impairs memory, self control, and may damage the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
correlates with sexual abuse, suicide, and lethal accidents
marijuana in adolescence
adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to drop out of school, become teenage parents, be depressed, and later be unemployed
