Exam 2-Chapter 11 (key info) Flashcards
what are the different types of intelligence?
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- spatial
- bodily kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist-environmental
- existential
what is linguistic intelligence?
sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitive to the different functions of language
what is logical-mathematical intelligence?
sensitivity to and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle long chains of reasoning
what is musical intelligence?
abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness
what is spatial intelligence?
capacities to perceive the visual spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on perceptions
what is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?
the ability to control ones body movements and to handle objects skillfully
what is interpersonal intelligence?
the capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people
what is intrapersonal intelligence?
access to ones own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw upon them to guide behaviro, knowledge of ones own strengths, weaknesses, desires and intelligence
what is naturalist-environmental intelligence?
keen perception and appreciation for nature and the outdoors
what is existential intelligence?
asking questions about life
who first formed the ideas of multiple intelligences?
howard gardner
what is the definition of childhood obesity?
having a BMI above the 95th percentile for children of a particular age, with overweight defined as above 85%
what percentage of children (in middle childhood) in the US are considered obese?
more than 20%
what are some of the social consequences that can come with childhood obesity
- shaming and prejudice
- fewer friends
- more teasing
- low self esteem
- poorer school achievement
why are children obese?
at first it was thought that biological factors explained obesity, but as weight continues to rise, scientists look to other explanations
correlations:
1. preterm newborns
2. formula fed infants
3. TVs in childrens bedrooms
4. soda instead of water at meals
5. difficulties with sleep
6. lack of outdoor play
what is the main reason the Covid 19 pandemic led to weight gain in 6 to 11 year olds
absence of active play
body movement improves…
intellectual functioning (and vice versa)
increases cerebral blood flow which fuels brain tissue and neurotransmitters and also increases brain derive neurotrophic factor which neurons need to grow.
brain maturation promotes selective attention, what is selective attention and when doe it begin to improve?
being able to concentrate on one stimuli while ignoring others
improves around age 7
what is an example of an activity where selective attention would be important in middle childhood?
-softball: the child must be able to focus on the ball instead of the yelling parents, the other kid drawing int he sand, and the cute puppy over in the stands
physical play combines with brain maturation in early child hood leads to…
a shortening of reaction time
experience and practice also play a role depending on the circumstances
what percentage of children are thought to need specialized education due to an atypicality in their brains?
10 to 20 percent
what are the different way brain functioning is measured?
aptitude, achievement, and IQ
what is aptitude?
the brain potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
ex.) a child may have the potential to become an amazing reader even if they have never learned to read
what is achievement?
the measure of what is actually mastered
how was IQ first measured?
children answered a series of questions (vocab, memory, and so on) and their number of correct answers was compared to an average score for children that age (divided actual score by expected score)
what are the modern forms of IQ testing?
-stanford-binet intelligence scale
-wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence
-wechsler intelligence scale for children
-wechsler adult intelligence scale
what is the underlying problem with asusmptions about mental intelligence?
-intelligence is more plastic than people once thought
(particularly in childhood but also maybe into adulthood)
what are the four agreements between neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists?
- brain development reflects experiences (thus a brain scan is accurate only at the moment, not for the future)
- dendrites form and myelination changes throughout life (middle childhood is crucial, but developments before and after these years are also significant)
- Children with disorders of often have atypical brain patterns, and training may change those patters (diagnosis based on brain patterns is imperfect, but may be helpful)
- each individual brain functions in a particular way, a concept called neurodiversity. (Diverse neurological patterns are not better or worse, they are simply different)
What are the core tenants of developmental psychopathology?
to understand any person, you must understand them at many different levels (biological, individual, familial, social, and cultural)
what are the general principles of developmental psychopathology
- abnormality is normal
-everyone has some aspects of behavior that are unusual and the opposite is also true - disability changes year by year
-a severe childhood disorder may become insignificant, but a minor problem may become disabling. Children with significant disabilities can become productive adults, and their quality of life may change over time - plasticity and compensation are wide spread
-many conditions seem to disapppear with age and treatment - diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
-each individual interacts with their surrounding settings including faily, school, community, culture which can modify, worse, cause, or eliminate psychopathology
what is multifinality?
when one cause can have multiple final manifestations
what is equifinality
when one symptom can be the result of from several different causes
ADHD
-someone who is often inattentive, active, and impulsive
-symptoms must start BEFORE the age of 12 and must impact daily life
-contextual interventions such as changing diet, increasing ourtdoor play, limiting screens, and educating caregivers and parents should be tried before drugs
what are the three general problems apparent in diagnosis kids with ADHD?
-misdiagnosis
-drug misuse
-typical behavior being considered pathological
what are specific learning disorders?
include problems in both perception and information processing that cause low achievement in reading, math, or writing
what are some of the impacts of learning you have specific disorders?
-undercut academic achievement
-impact self esteem
-qualify a child for special education
what is the most commonly diagnosed learning disorder?
dyslexia
-refers to the processing of the written word
what is anothe rcommon learning disorder besides dyslexia
dyscalculia
for all children, disorders are often comorbid, how is this an example of the interaction of domains?
the biological aspects of brain development affect the cognitive aspects of learning which influence emotions
autism spectrum disorder
difficulty with social interaction and are less adept at conventional conversation, social play, and at understanding emotions
what are the two hypotheses (that are now proven to be false) as to why autism is developed?
- unaffectionate and unavailable mothers
- vaccinations
what are the new hypotheses as to why autism has increased?
- one cluster on the environment (focus on chemicals in food, air, or water)
- considers prenatal influences; pregnant parents ho use drugs, eat foods with traces of pesticides or homones, or contract viruses during pregnancies
- ASD has not increased, but diagnosis has
- the DSM-5 has expanded its definition and therefore more people fit into the category now
