Exam 2-Chapter 11 (key info)

Question 1

what are the different types of intelligence?

Answer 1

1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalist-environmental
9. existential

Question 2

what is linguistic intelligence?

Answer 2

sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitive to the different functions of language

Question 3

what is logical-mathematical intelligence?

Answer 3

sensitivity to and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle long chains of reasoning

Question 4

what is musical intelligence?

Answer 4

abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness

Question 5

what is spatial intelligence?

Answer 5

capacities to perceive the visual spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on perceptions

Question 6

what is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

Answer 6

the ability to control ones body movements and to handle objects skillfully

Question 7

what is interpersonal intelligence?

Answer 7

the capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people

Question 8

what is intrapersonal intelligence?

Answer 8

access to ones own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw upon them to guide behaviro, knowledge of ones own strengths, weaknesses, desires and intelligence

Question 9

what is naturalist-environmental intelligence?

Answer 9

keen perception and appreciation for nature and the outdoors

Question 10

what is existential intelligence?

Answer 10

asking questions about life

Question 11

who first formed the ideas of multiple intelligences?

Answer 11

howard gardner

Question 12

what is the definition of childhood obesity?

Answer 12

having a BMI above the 95th percentile for children of a particular age, with overweight defined as above 85%

Question 13

what percentage of children (in middle childhood) in the US are considered obese?

Answer 13

more than 20%

Question 14

what are some of the social consequences that can come with childhood obesity

Answer 14

1. shaming and prejudice
2. fewer friends
3. more teasing
4. low self esteem
5. poorer school achievement

Question 15

why are children obese?

Answer 15

at first it was thought that biological factors explained obesity, but as weight continues to rise, scientists look to other explanations

correlations:
1. preterm newborns
2. formula fed infants
3. TVs in childrens bedrooms
4. soda instead of water at meals
5. difficulties with sleep
6. lack of outdoor play

Question 16

what is the main reason the Covid 19 pandemic led to weight gain in 6 to 11 year olds

Answer 16

absence of active play

Question 17

body movement improves…

Answer 17

intellectual functioning (and vice versa)

increases cerebral blood flow which fuels brain tissue and neurotransmitters and also increases brain derive neurotrophic factor which neurons need to grow.

Question 18

brain maturation promotes selective attention, what is selective attention and when doe it begin to improve?

Answer 18

being able to concentrate on one stimuli while ignoring others

improves around age 7

Question 19

what is an example of an activity where selective attention would be important in middle childhood?

Answer 19

-softball: the child must be able to focus on the ball instead of the yelling parents, the other kid drawing int he sand, and the cute puppy over in the stands

Question 20

physical play combines with brain maturation in early child hood leads to…

Answer 20

a shortening of reaction time

experience and practice also play a role depending on the circumstances

Question 21

what percentage of children are thought to need specialized education due to an atypicality in their brains?

Answer 21

10 to 20 percent

Question 22

what are the different way brain functioning is measured?

Answer 22

aptitude, achievement, and IQ

Question 23

what is aptitude?

Answer 23

the brain potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

ex.) a child may have the potential to become an amazing reader even if they have never learned to read

Question 24

what is achievement?

Answer 24

the measure of what is actually mastered

Question 25

how was IQ first measured?

Answer 25

children answered a series of questions (vocab, memory, and so on) and their number of correct answers was compared to an average score for children that age (divided actual score by expected score)

Question 26

what are the modern forms of IQ testing?

Answer 26

-stanford-binet intelligence scale -wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence -wechsler intelligence scale for children -wechsler adult intelligence scale

Question 27

what is the underlying problem with asusmptions about mental intelligence?

Answer 27

-intelligence is more plastic than people once thought (particularly in childhood but also maybe into adulthood)

Question 28

what are the four agreements between neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists?

Answer 28

1. brain development reflects experiences (thus a brain scan is accurate only at the moment, not for the future) 2. dendrites form and myelination changes throughout life (middle childhood is crucial, but developments before and after these years are also significant) 3. Children with disorders of often have atypical brain patterns, and training may change those patters (diagnosis based on brain patterns is imperfect, but may be helpful) 4. each individual brain functions in a particular way, a concept called neurodiversity. (Diverse neurological patterns are not better or worse, they are simply different)

Question 29

What are the core tenants of developmental psychopathology?

Answer 29

to understand any person, you must understand them at many different levels (biological, individual, familial, social, and cultural)

Question 30

what are the general principles of developmental psychopathology

Answer 30

1. abnormality is normal -everyone has some aspects of behavior that are unusual and the opposite is also true 2. disability changes year by year -a severe childhood disorder may become insignificant, but a minor problem may become disabling. Children with significant disabilities can become productive adults, and their quality of life may change over time 3. plasticity and compensation are wide spread -many conditions seem to disapppear with age and treatment 4. diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context -each individual interacts with their surrounding settings including faily, school, community, culture which can modify, worse, cause, or eliminate psychopathology

Question 31

what is multifinality?

Answer 31

when one cause can have multiple final manifestations

Question 32

what is equifinality

Answer 32

when one symptom can be the result of from several different causes

Question 33

ADHD

Answer 33

-someone who is often inattentive, active, and impulsive -symptoms must start BEFORE the age of 12 and must impact daily life -contextual interventions such as changing diet, increasing ourtdoor play, limiting screens, and educating caregivers and parents should be tried before drugs

Question 34

what are the three general problems apparent in diagnosis kids with ADHD?

Answer 34

-misdiagnosis -drug misuse -typical behavior being considered pathological

Question 35

what are specific learning disorders?

Answer 35

include problems in both perception and information processing that cause low achievement in reading, math, or writing

Question 36

what are some of the impacts of learning you have specific disorders?

Answer 36

-undercut academic achievement -impact self esteem -qualify a child for special education

Question 37

what is the most commonly diagnosed learning disorder?

Answer 37

dyslexia -refers to the processing of the written word

Question 38

what is anothe rcommon learning disorder besides dyslexia

Answer 38

dyscalculia

Question 39

for all children, disorders are often comorbid, how is this an example of the interaction of domains?

Answer 39

the biological aspects of brain development affect the cognitive aspects of learning which influence emotions

Question 40

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 40

difficulty with social interaction and are less adept at conventional conversation, social play, and at understanding emotions

Question 41

what are the two hypotheses (that are now proven to be false) as to why autism is developed?

Answer 41

1. unaffectionate and unavailable mothers 2. vaccinations

Question 42

what are the new hypotheses as to why autism has increased?

Answer 42

1. one cluster on the environment (focus on chemicals in food, air, or water) 2. considers prenatal influences; pregnant parents ho use drugs, eat foods with traces of pesticides or homones, or contract viruses during pregnancies 3. ASD has not increased, but diagnosis has 4. the DSM-5 has expanded its definition and therefore more people fit into the category now