Exam 1 Lectures Chapters 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the frameworks of development?
A
-3 domains of development, developmental processes, and timing of developmental events
2
Q
what are the 3 domains of development?
A
- physical aka biosocial
- cognitive
- psychosocial
3
Q
what does the physical (aka biosocial) domain of development consist of?
A
-bodily changes and motor skills
(the social environment can impact the physical)
4
Q
what are examples of development within the physical (biosocial) domain?
A
getting taller, heavier, eyesight getting better, developing grasp, sitting up, walking
5
Q
what is an example of the social environment impacting the physical within the physical (biosocial) domain?
A
the heights of Guatemalan immigrant children tend to be taller than the native Guatemalan children due to the better diets in countries like the United States
6
Q
what does the cognitive domain of development consist of?
A
development of intellect and thought processes
7
Q
what does the psychosocial domain consist of?
A
personality and social development
8
Q
what are the developmental processes (3 OF THEM)
A
- growth
- maturation
- learning
9
Q
what is the definition of growth?
A
an increase in the cell/tissue size on a biological level (ex. height and weight) DO NOT MIX UP WITH DEVELOPMENT
10
Q
what is the definition of maturation?
A
the genetic unfurling of preprogrammed behavior
11
Q
what is an example of maturation?
A
if a child is able to learn language, as long as they are taught language they will learn
or
going through puberty as long as everything is biologically normal
12
Q
what is the definition of learning?
A
the permanent modification of behavior as a result of experiences
13
Q
Learning is usuallly…
A
reinforced through punishment or reward
14
Q
what are some examples of learning?
A
-children learn to eat with utensils bc they get yelled at when they eat with their hands
- children learn to smile bc it elicits a nice response from their parents
- children learn to not pull the cats tail bc the cat will bite the shit out of them if they do
15
Q
what are the 3 types of learning?
A
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- Social learning theory
16
Q
what is classical conditioning
A
learning occurs through association (PAVLOV) —-> a neutral stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response
ex.)you have classically conditioned yourself to pee in the shower
17
Q
what is operant conditioning?
A
occurs through reinforcement and punishment ___>weak or rare responses become strong and frequent with punishment, unwanted responses become extinct
18
Q
what is the social learning theory?
A
occurs through modeling others. Observed behaviors are copied
19
Q
what are the subcategories of the “timing of developmental events”?
A
- normative age graded influences
- normative history graded influences
- non-normative life events
20
Q
what are normative age graded influences?
A
“typical” events with a strong relation to chronological age,, are often culturally bound (ie. Japanese children become independent much earlier than American children)
21
Q
what are examples normative age graded influences?
A
entering school at age 5/6, learning to drive at 16, moving out of the house around 18-25 ish
22
Q
what are normative history graded influences
A
how historical influences influence development
23
Q
what is an age cohort?
A
related to normative history graded influences,, it is where individuals born at nearly the same time are all influenced by similar events
24
Q
what are examples of normative history graded influences?
A
covid for my generation, the technological age for my parents, contraception, segregation, 9/11, hurricane Katrina
25
what are non normative life events?
influences that are unique to the individual
26
what are some examples of non normative life events?
accidents resulting in serious injury, winning the lottery, parent passing away, amputation, Alzheimer's, abusive relationships, getting cancer lol, divorce
27
why is it important to understand history graded influences?
we do not want to attribute impacts of historical events to normal and inherent development
28
what is the "controversy in development"?
nature v. nurture
29
what is the nature v. nurture controversy/question
what amount of characteristics are biologically endowed versus shaped by our environment? (spoiler alert, they both influence)
30
What are basic research methods in developmental psych?
1. naturalistic observation
2. the experiment
3. the case study
31
what are examples of naturalistic observation?
observing kids on a playground/in school, looking at parenting in a walmart
32
what is a benefit to naturalistic observation?
sometimes when you put kids/parents in a lab they act differently bc they know they are being observed.
33
what is an example of a experiment in developmental psych?
testing the effect of parental tone of voice on childs expressed anger
34
what are the benefits of conducting a case study?
its usually a one in a million singular case, and usually more extreme, and also would be incredibly unethical to do to a participant
sparks a lot of theories
35
case studies usually generate...
lots of hypotheses
36
examples of case studies in psych
jaycee duggard, phineas gage, davids story
37
summary of davids story:
David was infected with rubella in utero, specifically afflicted with blindness, cognitive and other physical abnormalities. through education David was able to overcome and pursue college and graduate education
38
what are examples of developmental research in time
1. cross sectional
2. longitudinal
3. cross sequential
4. ecological systems
39
what is a cross sectional study?
-comparing differing groups at one point in time
40
what is a difficulty with a cross sectional study?
there could be a significant historical influence but because you only collect data at one point you wont know what to attibute it to
41
what is a longitudinal study?
studying one population over a looooooong period of time
42
what is a benefit of longitudinal studies?
teases out normative historical influences
43
what is a cross sequential study?
a combo of cross sectional and longitudinal analysis
44
what are the drawbacks to a cross sequential study>
takes a shit ton of time and money, people often drop out over the course
45
what is an ecological system study?
looking at a person in the context of their ecosystem,, looking at micro and macro causes
46
what is a microcause?
the individualized factos about a persons ecosystem that influences development: ie.) family dynamic, peer relationships, personal trauma, illness, etc.
47
what is a macrocause?
wide ranging ecological factors that influence development ie.) societal and cultural norms and values, government policies, historical influences
48
what are the theories of development?
1. psychoanalytic theory
2. psychosocial theory
3. learning theories (behaviorism)
4. social learning theory
5. cognitive theory
6. socio cultural theory
7. epigenetic theory
49
How does the psychoanalytic theory interpret human development?
in terms of unconscious drives and aggression, Freud thought that individuals were driven by their sexual and aggressive impulses and subsequent fear of them
50
who developed the psychoanalytic theory?
Freud
51
What were are the psychosexual stages in Freuds Psychoanalytic theory?
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
52
the oral stage
(birth-1 year)
the lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the babys body and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activites
53
what happens if fixations are not met in the oral stage?
Oral fixation: chewing fingernails, alcohol problems, smoking
Oral Aggression: hostility, sarcasm, or verbal aggression
54
the phallic stage
(3-6 years)
the phallus/penis is the most important part of the body, and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation
Boys are proud of their penises and girls wonder why they don't have them
54
what happens if fixations are not met in the phallic stage?
-sexual dysfunction or over sexuality
-penis envy
-narcissism
55
Anal Stage
(1-3 years)
The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the body, and toilet training is the most important activity
55
what happens if fixations in the anal stage are not met?
anal retentiveness: overly neat, organized or perfectionistic (if they experienced overly strict toilet training)
or
anal expulsiveness: messy, disorganized and rebellious
OCD like traits
problems with authority
56
latency
(6-11 years)
not really a stage, more of an interlude
sexual needs are quiet, psychic energy flows into sports, schoolwork, and friendships
57
the genital stage
(11-adulthood)
the genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensation
the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
58
what happens later in life if fixations in the genital stage are not addressed?
intimacy issues, commitment issues, sexual dysfunction, and identity confusion
59
what are the theoretical processes of personality (according to the psychoanalytical theory)
id, ego, superego
60
what is the id?
-primitive and instinctual part of the personality looks to fulfil basic needs and desires without consideration of reality, consequences or morality
61
what is the ego?
the rational and conscious part of the personality that mediates the demands of the Id, superego, and the constraints of reality. Seeks to satisfy desires in a way that is realistic and socially acceptable
62
what is the superego?
represents the moralistic part of the personality that represents internalized societal and parental expectations and standards of right and wrong. Strives for perfection and moral purity. Counterbalances the id, but often brings up feelings of shame or disappointment when standards are not met
63
what is the psychosocial theory and who developed it?
erik erikson, focuses on:
-psychosocial development
-personality development over the lifespan
-has 8 major stages
- each stages conflict involves interaction with the social environment
64
what are the 8 major stages of psychosocial theory?
1. trust v. mistrust
2. autonomy v. shame and doubt
3. initiative v. guilt
4. industry v. inferiority
5. identity v. role confusion
6. intimacy v. isolaition
7. generativity v. stagnation
8. integrity v. despair
65
trust v mistrust stage
(birth-1 yr)
babies either trust that other will satisfy their needs or will develop mistrust about the care of others
66
autonomy v. shame and doubt stage
(1-3 years)
chidren either become self sufficient or doubt their own abilities
67
intiative v. guilt stage
(3-6 years)
children either try to undertake adultlike activities or internalize limits. they become adventurous or feel guilty about their attempts to be independent
68
industry v. inferiority stage
(6-11 years)
children busily practice and master new skills or they feel unable to do anything well
69
identity v. role confusion
(Adolescence)
adolescents ask "who am I" and establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or become confused about what their role is
70
intimacy v. isolation stage
(adulthood) 18-40
young adults seek companionship or become isolated, fearing rejection
71
generativity v. stagnation stage
(adulthood) 40-65
adults contribute to future generations through work, creative activities, or parenthood, or they stagnate
72
integrity v. despair stage
(adulthood) 65- end of life
older adults try to make sense of their lives and wither see their life as a meaningful whole or they despair about the goals they never reached
73
what is behaviorism?
A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
74
types of conditioning:
1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
75
in general what is conditioning
the learning process
76
what is classical conditioning?
The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) is connected with a neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a tone) that had no special meaning before conditioning. (Also called respondent conditioning.)
77
what is operant conditioning?
learning in which consequences of voluntary behavior tend to modify future behavior
78
what is reinforcement?
in operant conditioning when you do something to increase the chances of that behavior occurring againpositi
79
positive reinforcement
add something in order to increase behavior
80
negative reinforcement
take away something to increase behavior
81
what is punishment?
in operant conditioning where you do something to decrease chances of behavior occurring again
82
positive punishment
adding something to decrease behavior
83
negative punishment
taking something away to decrease punishment
84
what is the social learning theory?
observing and imitating others,, An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people. (Also called observational learning.)
85
what is vicarious learning?
experiencing learning through someone else
ex.) brother god bad grades and mom yelled at him, so I guess I better make good grades so I dont get yelled at too
86
what is modeling
observing and copying the behavior of others
ex.) learning to talk, road rage, watching a rlly good athlete and copying them in your own gameplay
87
what is the cognitive theory and who developed it?
Jean Piaget, focused on thinking, reasoning, thought processes, etc.
A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
88
what are the key concepts within the cognitive theory?
1. schemas
2. equilibrium and disequilibrium
3. adaptation
4. 4 major stages
89
what is a schema?
cognitive structures or frameworks people develop to deal with situations (Mental frameworks)
ex.) thining you need to learn x amount of material to be successful.....thinking going to college will get you a better paying job
90
what is equilibrium?
everything fits nicely into our schemas and things make sense in our brains
91
what is disequilibrium?
you learn something that does not fit into your schemas and puzzles you
92
look at the equilibrium chart in your notes :)
;)
93
what is adaptation?
occurs when we take in new info
involves two processes:
-assimilation and accomodation
94
what is assimilation
transforming incoming information so it fits with in existing ways of thinking (ex. everything with 4 legs and a tail is a dog)
95
what is accommodation?
adapting ways of thinking to accommodate new experiences
ex.) change schemas or create new schemas
ex.) animals with 4 legs and a tail MAY be a dog, but if they have a mane they are lions or create new schemas within the dog categories ie.) big dog, small dog, medium sized dog
96
what are the 4 major stages of the cognitive theory?
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
97
sensorimotor stage of cognitive theory
(0-2 years)
infants use their senses and motor abilities to understand the world, learning is active and without reflection
Gains:
infants learn that objects still exist when left out of sight (object permanence) and begin to think trough mental actions
98
preoperational theory of cognitive development
(2-6 years)
children begin to think symbolically with language, however children are egocentric and can only focus on things from their perspective
Gains:
The imagination flourishes and language becomes a significant means of self expression and social influence
99
concrete operational theory of cognitive development
(6-11 years)
children begin to understand and apply logic, but thinking is limited to direct experience
Gains:
by applying logic, children grasp concepts of conservation, number classification, and other scientific ideas
100
formal operational
(12-adulthood maybe) ***some never make it to this stage
adolescents and adults can think of abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion
Gains:
ethics, politics, and social and moral issues become fascinating as adults and adolescents use abstract and theoretical reasoning
101
what are the grand theories?
1. psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic)
2. psychsocial
3. behaviorism (Learning theories)
4. Social Learning Theory
5. Cognitive
102
what are the "other theories"
6. sociocultural theory
7. epigenetic theory
103
what is the sociocultural theory?
focuses on how culture or society in which a person lives influences development
ex.) who cares for a child and why?
does the mother work outside the home?
what happens to older adults?
104
what is the epigenetic theory?
focuses on the interaction between genetics and our surrounding environment
posits that genetic potential is influenced by the environment
ex.) intellectual potential and how it is influenced by the environment
105
