Exam 1 Chapters 4&5 Flashcards
is the most critical time for a person?
conception to birth
what are the stages within the conception-birth time period?
Germinal Period
Embryotic period
fetal period
what is the germinal period?
period of the ovum, 0-2 weeks
characterized by:
1. growth of the zygote
2. establishment of linkage between the zygote and support system
3. implantation (10th day post fertilization)
what is the principle task of the germinal period?
implantation
why is implantation important?
attain nutrients
initiating hormonal changes that prevent the menstrual cycle
what is the embryotic period
(3-8 weeks)
begins with the fold down the middle of the embryotic disc
characterized by growth in two directions: cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth
most body parts form in the first 1-2 months
establishes the placental relationship with the mother (through the umbilical chord)
4th week: “heart beat
5th week: arm and leg buds form
8th week: all basic organs and features of human beings have formed (except sex organs)
what is the primitive streak?
the fold down the middle of the embryonic dic that eventually turns into the spinal chord
what is cephalocaudal growth?
“head to tail growth”
top down growth
the head develops first and then the rest of the body
what is proximodistal growth?
“near to far growth”
center out growth
the organs form first and then everything else
what is the fetal period?
(9th week to birth)
very important stage for physical growth
in the third month:
-muscle develops
-cartilage turns to bone
-all major organs take shape
-sex organs take discernable shape (up until the 6th week they are indifferent gonands)
-fetus is doing most of the functions a newborn can do by the end of the third month
4-6 months:
-hair including eyebrows form
-development of the brain is appreciable
-age of viability is reached
7-9 months:
-lungs & heart increasingly capable
-brain activity takes on a sleep wake pattern
-appreciable weight and height
(will grow to approx 4.5 lbs and 6” tall)
go look at the diagram of the brain development in the book
-follows proximodistal development (with the base of the be brain developing first)
brainstem>midbrain>forebrain
what is the age of viability?
-24 weeks
what is surfactant?
a chemical put into the newborns lungs that decrease surface tension on the bubbles on the lungs
what do the first few minutes of a neonates life consist of?
- APGAR Scale
- Assessments
what is the APGAR scale
Activity (muscle tone) flexion or limp?
Pulse (heart rate) >100
Grimace (reflex ability) response to the nose catheter
Appearance (skin color) jaundice? Purple? Pink?
Respiration (breathing) crying?
each of the criteria are assessed on a 0-2 point scale with the total being out of 10 points.
assessed at 1 min and 5 min
what do the different APGAR scores differ?
> 7= not in danger
5-6=needs help
0-4= critical condition
what are the averages in birth weight and height?
weight= 7 1/2 lbs
height= 20-21 inches
what causes low birthweight
-multiple births
-malnourishment
(umbilical chord issues)
(environmental issues)
-prenatal infections
-genetic handicaps
- many teratogens
(drinking)
(smoking)
(radiation, etc.)
what is technically a preterm birth?
<35 weeks
what causes most newborn death?
causes of newborn death
what constitute as stressful births?
- anoxia
- Cesarean Section
Watch the miracle of life vid
;)
what are some key concepts pertaining to the development prenatal problems?
- teratology
- critical period
- teratogenic diseases
- drugs
what is teratology?
tera-malformation
teratogens: substances and conditions that increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
what is the critical period(s)?
sensitive periods when
1.) most body parts form in the 1st 2 months
2.) the formation of the central nervous system
what are the main teratogenic diseases?
- rubella
- toxoplasmosis
- eclampsia
(pre and reg eclampsia) - HIV/AIDS
- Zika Virus
what is rubella
aka German measels
impacts the heart, ears, eyes, and contributes to brain defects
what is toxoplasmosis?
a parasite found in raw/undercooked meat and sometimes cat feces
causes deafness and blindness
what is preeclampsia?
when the woman is having trouble ridding herself of fetal waste
what is eclampsia?
harder to control than preeclampsia, causes high blood pressure, fetal & mother brain damage, sepsis or lethal spike in blood pressure
HIV/AIDS
sometimes causes abnormalities in the face and head
zika virus
-transmitted by mosquitoes
-causes microcephaly, affects growth,, hearing problems, and brain damage
what are social drugs that could cause as a prenatal problems?
-alcohol
-cigarettes
-caffeine
what does alcohol do to the fetus
***the idea that you should not drink alcohol during pregnancy is not accepted cross-culturally
-fetal alcohol syndrome or effect
what is fetal alcohol syndrome? and FAE
small head, low nasal bridge, thin upper lip, underdeveloped jaw
smooth philtrum, small eye openings, epicanthal folds, BRAIN DAMAGE, learning difficulties
(FAE= learning and behavioral problems)
what prenatal problems can cigarettes cause?
underweight and premature infants
issues with the lungs and the limbs
-why? nicotene restricts bloodflow to the fetus
what problems can caffeine cause?
jury is stil out
what are some other drugs that cause problems (harder drugs)
-heroin and methadone
-marijuana & cocaine
what is methadone?
the drug used to wean ppl off heroin
what problems can heroin and methadone cause for a fetus/newborn?
heroin is rlly hard to get off of, so methadone is used
babies are born addicted
slows fetal growth and induces premature labor
what problems can marijuana and cocaine cause for a fetus/newborn?
-CNS, brain difficulties, learning difficulties, low birth weight,
all of these depend on the amount and time of the exposure (ie was it during the critical period?)
what are some historical drugs of prominence?
-thalidomide
-diethylstilnesterol (DES)w
what is thalidomide?
-a pain killer and antinausea prescribed for mothers over the counter in Germany, Britain & parts of Canada
-infants born with missing/misshapen limbs, spinal defects, cleft lips, heart defects, GI defects
why? stops new blood vessels from forming
what is DES (diethylstilbesterol?
-taken to prevent miscarriage
-found the 2nd generation of daughters had higher rates of cancer, uterine malformation, low birth weight, and miscarriage
-men had more testicular cancer and genital malformations
what are some environmental hazards that could impact prenatal development?
-radiation
-pollution
-agent orange
examples of radiation impacts:
-individuals in japan
none of the pregnant women close to the atomic epicenter had live or “normal” babies
3 mile island, chernobyl
impacts of pollution?
leach into ground water and poisons mothers and their fetuses/children
(pesticides/herbicides) leads to CNS abnormalities and other deformities
impacts of agent orange (dioxen)
used during the vietnam war as a herbicide to cut down foliage
-also linked to deformities when exposed to both mothers and fathers
-impacts to vietnamese and US soldiers
how long can babies go without oxygen?
10 minutes without O2 before brain damage occurs
what is the age range for a neonate?
0-2 weeks old
how much do neonates sleep?
16-17 hours a day
how much do neonates eat?
8-14x a day
milk has a lot of…which contributes to sleepiness
triptophan
what are the types of feeding neonates?
- self demand feeding
- breast feeding (over bottle feeding)
what is self demand feeding?
the baby lets you know when theyre hungry
OR
you feed the baby every 4 hours
breast feeding over bottle feeding
some women are unable to or make the choice to bottle feed,, however there are significant benefits to the babies immune system if breastfed
what is the newborn proportion of the total body length to the rest of their body?
25%
what is the newborn proportion total body length of the legs to the rest of the body
25%
(newborns are 25% legs and 25% head)
what is the adult proportion of the total body length head to the rest of the body
12.5% (1/8)
what is the adult proportion of the total body length of the legs to the rest of the body?
50%
what is the percent of adult weight of the brain at birth>
25%
what is the percent of adult weight of the body at birth?
5%
what is the percent of adult weight of the brain at 2 years
75%
what is the percent of adult weight of the body at 2 years
20%
in reference to weight
during the first year of growth…
by the 4th month: weight doubles (15 pounds if “normal)
by the first year, weight triples (22.5 pounds if “normal”)
a typical two year old weighs:
- 1/5 of adult weight (approx. 30 lbs)(4x initial body weight)
- 1/2 of adult height (approx 32-36”)
heights, weights, and head circumference are measured in…
percentiles,, they represent the norms
ex.) the 38th percentile means in a lineup of 100 babies, that baby would be the 38th baby in line)
initial weight gain…
mostly fat tissue
-results in rapid growth spurts and fatty appearance and changes in mobility
what are the 3 main components of the CNS?
- brain
- spinal chord
- nerves
at birth what do the neurons in the brain look like
contains more than we will ever need therefore we PRUNE
as neurons continue to grow and develop they begin
networking
talk to one another,, allows for increases in development
what are dendrites?
branches off of the neuron and are probably the reason brain growth triples in the 1st 2 years
what is the meylin?
-the fatty insulating substance on the neuron
what is myelination?
speeds up connections and communication within the brain
prevents interference
when does neuron development and the frotal cortex development happen?
-during the first year
what does the development of the frontal cortex do?
allows for the ability to self regulate, and regulates sleep and wakefulness
what are the brain activity changes within the 1st 3 months>
-chief indications of brain development
-brain waves
what is the chief indication of brain development?
does the baby look at sound and observe the world?
characteristics of development of brain waves (@ 1 yr)
-develop a cyclical activity/pattern
-erratic brain wave activity signals problems and potentially teratogens
(SIDS link)
what is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
-sudden death connected to breathing, brain waves, low birthweight
mediated by putting babies on their back to sleep
what does recent research tell us about ways to reduce the risk of sids?
- remove soft bedding
- remove second hand smoke
- breast feed (allows babies to learn to breathe and eat at the same time)
- placing babies on their back
(1990-1999 campaign “back to sleep”)
what are the characteristics of SIDS infants?
- male
- later born children (divided parental attention)
- low birthweight (>5.5 lbs)
- APGAR below 6 at 1 minute (breathing tends to lower)
- were born in the winter (layers, suffocation, illness)
- between 2-4 months
- having a cold
the risk for SIDS decreases after…
1 year
listen to the SIDS audio on moodle and the baby box and other SIDS resources
;)
newborn motor skills are initially limited to..
reflexes
what is a reflex?
an involuntary unlearned response
what are the essential reflexes?
- breathing reflex
- crying, shivering
- sucking (underdeveloped in preemies)(if u tap a babies lips, they will start sucking)
- rooting (like how pigs dig their noses looking for food) (babies use their face to find a breast
what are the normal brain development reflexes?
- barbinski reflexes
- stepping
- swimming
- grasping
- moro
- stattle
what is the barbinski reflex?
when you stroke the bottom of a babies foot their toes fan out and then curl in
what is the stepping reflex?
(occurs in the 1st few months)
-when babies feel a horizontal surface, they flex their knees in and out almost as stepping like a preparation to walk
-what is the swimming reflex?
babies stroke outward when placed on their stomach ***doesnt really need to have water
what is the grasping reflex?
put something in a babies palm, and a baby will wrap their fingers around it
what is the moro reflex?
if you have a baby laying on their back, and they lose support of their head/neck they will brace themselves as if they are falling (extend out and then in)
what us the startle reflex?
when a baby encounters a bump or loud noise, they flex but no extension
review: what are the directions of development?
-cephalocaudal and proximodistal
examples of cephalocaudal development
-babies learn to lift their head first, then they learn to use their arms, then their legs
examples of proximodistal development
babies gain control of their arms first and then their fingers
reminder what is the difference between growth and development?
growth is at a biological level, development is a series of features or skills that are being acquired
what are fine motor skills
(look at chart on moodle)
focus on the small muscles
-gross motor skills (whole hand) progress into fine motor skills (fingers)
what are the milestones of the gross motor skills?
crawling, walking, running, rolling over
what is a “milestone”
the period by which 50% of babies master a skill (p.120 in the textbook)
what is sensation?
the trigger of senses
ex.) tickle on your back
what is perception?
making sense of the sensation
ex.) that tickle is def a bug
face vs. vase example
newborns have vision but…
it is rlly bad
vision at birth
-able to focus on objects 2-30 inches away (20/400 vision)
-also color blind
vision at the first month:
able to discriminate the primary caregivers face
vision at 5-7 weeks
internal features of the face catch more focus than the periphery
-parts of the phase that give messaged and convey emotion are the most intersting
vision at 14 weeks
have binocular vision and depth perception
vision at 6 months
-20/40 vision, able to discriminate against colors
vision at 12 months
-20/20 vision
-depth and motion perception (tracking) also increases and leads to habituation,, constant stimulus
ex. if you have a baby mobile maybe switch up the appearance or the msic that plsy
hearing at birth
quite accurate
hearing at 4 months
able to recognize most familiar peoplehe
hearing at 5 months
parents can perform a simple test: baby is placed into a crib and mom or dad hides behind the door, then they call out to the baby to see if they respond. then they do it again with a whisper
hearing at 6 months
pretty well developed, begin to smile at parents voice
why is a hearing test done on the baby In the hospital
they want to make sure the baby has the right plan and amount of time to complete an intervention if they need it
why is nutrition important in early childhood
your brain is still developing and it needs food
what is the best nutrition?
breast milk
when are the important times for solid foods?
within the 1st 6 months: focus on baby food
within the first year: giving the babies more of what youre eating but in a baby friendly way
what are the two serious conditions of malnutrition>
- stunting-height reduction
- wasting-severely underweight
what are examples of wasting:
-marasmus: lack of protein
-kwashikor: children with disdended stomachs, organs begin to compete for nourishment, important organs take precedent with the muscles wasting in the process
more info in the book
