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Developmental Psych > Exam 1 Chapters 4&5 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapters 4&5 Flashcards

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1
Q

is the most critical time for a person?

A

conception to birth

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2
Q

what are the stages within the conception-birth time period?

A

Germinal Period
Embryotic period
fetal period

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3
Q

what is the germinal period?

A

period of the ovum, 0-2 weeks
characterized by:
1. growth of the zygote
2. establishment of linkage between the zygote and support system
3. implantation (10th day post fertilization)

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4
Q

what is the principle task of the germinal period?

A

implantation

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5
Q

why is implantation important?

A

attain nutrients
initiating hormonal changes that prevent the menstrual cycle

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6
Q

what is the embryotic period

A

(3-8 weeks)
begins with the fold down the middle of the embryotic disc
characterized by growth in two directions: cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth
most body parts form in the first 1-2 months
establishes the placental relationship with the mother (through the umbilical chord)
4th week: “heart beat
5th week: arm and leg buds form
8th week: all basic organs and features of human beings have formed (except sex organs)

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7
Q

what is the primitive streak?

A

the fold down the middle of the embryonic dic that eventually turns into the spinal chord

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8
Q

what is cephalocaudal growth?

A

“head to tail growth”
top down growth

the head develops first and then the rest of the body

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9
Q

what is proximodistal growth?

A

“near to far growth”
center out growth

the organs form first and then everything else

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10
Q

what is the fetal period?

A

(9th week to birth)
very important stage for physical growth

in the third month:
-muscle develops
-cartilage turns to bone
-all major organs take shape
-sex organs take discernable shape (up until the 6th week they are indifferent gonands)
-fetus is doing most of the functions a newborn can do by the end of the third month

4-6 months:
-hair including eyebrows form
-development of the brain is appreciable
-age of viability is reached

7-9 months:
-lungs & heart increasingly capable
-brain activity takes on a sleep wake pattern
-appreciable weight and height
(will grow to approx 4.5 lbs and 6” tall)

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11
Q

go look at the diagram of the brain development in the book

A

-follows proximodistal development (with the base of the be brain developing first)

brainstem>midbrain>forebrain

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12
Q

what is the age of viability?

A

-24 weeks

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13
Q

what is surfactant?

A

a chemical put into the newborns lungs that decrease surface tension on the bubbles on the lungs

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14
Q

what do the first few minutes of a neonates life consist of?

A
  1. APGAR Scale
  2. Assessments
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15
Q

what is the APGAR scale

A

Activity (muscle tone) flexion or limp?
Pulse (heart rate) >100
Grimace (reflex ability) response to the nose catheter
Appearance (skin color) jaundice? Purple? Pink?
Respiration (breathing) crying?

each of the criteria are assessed on a 0-2 point scale with the total being out of 10 points.

assessed at 1 min and 5 min

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16
Q

what do the different APGAR scores differ?

A

> 7= not in danger
5-6=needs help
0-4= critical condition

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17
Q

what are the averages in birth weight and height?

A

weight= 7 1/2 lbs
height= 20-21 inches

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18
Q

what causes low birthweight

A

-multiple births
-malnourishment
(umbilical chord issues)
(environmental issues)
-prenatal infections
-genetic handicaps
- many teratogens
(drinking)
(smoking)
(radiation, etc.)

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19
Q

what is technically a preterm birth?

A

<35 weeks

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20
Q

what causes most newborn death?

A

causes of newborn death

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21
Q

what constitute as stressful births?

A
  1. anoxia
  2. Cesarean Section
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22
Q

Watch the miracle of life vid

A

;)

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23
Q

what are some key concepts pertaining to the development prenatal problems?

A
  • teratology
  • critical period
  • teratogenic diseases
  • drugs
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24
Q

what is teratology?

A

tera-malformation
teratogens: substances and conditions that increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities

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25
Q

what is the critical period(s)?

A

sensitive periods when
1.) most body parts form in the 1st 2 months
2.) the formation of the central nervous system

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26
Q

what are the main teratogenic diseases?

A
  1. rubella
  2. toxoplasmosis
  3. eclampsia
    (pre and reg eclampsia)
  4. HIV/AIDS
  5. Zika Virus
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27
Q

what is rubella

A

aka German measels
impacts the heart, ears, eyes, and contributes to brain defects

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28
Q

what is toxoplasmosis?

A

a parasite found in raw/undercooked meat and sometimes cat feces

causes deafness and blindness

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29
Q

what is preeclampsia?

A

when the woman is having trouble ridding herself of fetal waste

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30
Q

what is eclampsia?

A

harder to control than preeclampsia, causes high blood pressure, fetal & mother brain damage, sepsis or lethal spike in blood pressure

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31
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

sometimes causes abnormalities in the face and head

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32
Q

zika virus

A

-transmitted by mosquitoes
-causes microcephaly, affects growth,, hearing problems, and brain damage

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33
Q

what are social drugs that could cause as a prenatal problems?

A

-alcohol
-cigarettes
-caffeine

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34
Q

what does alcohol do to the fetus

A

***the idea that you should not drink alcohol during pregnancy is not accepted cross-culturally

-fetal alcohol syndrome or effect

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35
Q

what is fetal alcohol syndrome? and FAE

A

small head, low nasal bridge, thin upper lip, underdeveloped jaw
smooth philtrum, small eye openings, epicanthal folds, BRAIN DAMAGE, learning difficulties

(FAE= learning and behavioral problems)

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36
Q

what prenatal problems can cigarettes cause?

A

underweight and premature infants
issues with the lungs and the limbs
-why? nicotene restricts bloodflow to the fetus

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37
Q

what problems can caffeine cause?

A

jury is stil out

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38
Q

what are some other drugs that cause problems (harder drugs)

A

-heroin and methadone
-marijuana & cocaine

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39
Q

what is methadone?

A

the drug used to wean ppl off heroin

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40
Q

what problems can heroin and methadone cause for a fetus/newborn?

A

heroin is rlly hard to get off of, so methadone is used
babies are born addicted
slows fetal growth and induces premature labor

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41
Q

what problems can marijuana and cocaine cause for a fetus/newborn?

A

-CNS, brain difficulties, learning difficulties, low birth weight,
all of these depend on the amount and time of the exposure (ie was it during the critical period?)

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42
Q

what are some historical drugs of prominence?

A

-thalidomide
-diethylstilnesterol (DES)w

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43
Q

what is thalidomide?

A

-a pain killer and antinausea prescribed for mothers over the counter in Germany, Britain & parts of Canada
-infants born with missing/misshapen limbs, spinal defects, cleft lips, heart defects, GI defects

why? stops new blood vessels from forming

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44
Q

what is DES (diethylstilbesterol?

A

-taken to prevent miscarriage
-found the 2nd generation of daughters had higher rates of cancer, uterine malformation, low birth weight, and miscarriage
-men had more testicular cancer and genital malformations

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45
Q

what are some environmental hazards that could impact prenatal development?

A

-radiation
-pollution
-agent orange

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46
Q

examples of radiation impacts:

A

-individuals in japan
none of the pregnant women close to the atomic epicenter had live or “normal” babies

3 mile island, chernobyl

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47
Q

impacts of pollution?

A

leach into ground water and poisons mothers and their fetuses/children
(pesticides/herbicides) leads to CNS abnormalities and other deformities

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48
Q

impacts of agent orange (dioxen)

A

used during the vietnam war as a herbicide to cut down foliage
-also linked to deformities when exposed to both mothers and fathers
-impacts to vietnamese and US soldiers

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49
Q

how long can babies go without oxygen?

A

10 minutes without O2 before brain damage occurs

50
Q

what is the age range for a neonate?

A

0-2 weeks old

51
Q

how much do neonates sleep?

A

16-17 hours a day

52
Q

how much do neonates eat?

A

8-14x a day

53
Q

milk has a lot of…which contributes to sleepiness

A

triptophan

54
Q

what are the types of feeding neonates?

A
  1. self demand feeding
  2. breast feeding (over bottle feeding)
55
Q

what is self demand feeding?

A

the baby lets you know when theyre hungry
OR
you feed the baby every 4 hours

56
Q

breast feeding over bottle feeding

A

some women are unable to or make the choice to bottle feed,, however there are significant benefits to the babies immune system if breastfed

57
Q

what is the newborn proportion of the total body length to the rest of their body?

A

25%

58
Q

what is the newborn proportion total body length of the legs to the rest of the body

A

25%

(newborns are 25% legs and 25% head)

59
Q

what is the adult proportion of the total body length head to the rest of the body

A

12.5% (1/8)

60
Q

what is the adult proportion of the total body length of the legs to the rest of the body?

A

50%

61
Q

what is the percent of adult weight of the brain at birth>

A

25%

62
Q

what is the percent of adult weight of the body at birth?

A

5%

63
Q

what is the percent of adult weight of the brain at 2 years

A

75%

64
Q

what is the percent of adult weight of the body at 2 years

A

20%

65
Q

in reference to weight

during the first year of growth…

A

by the 4th month: weight doubles (15 pounds if “normal)
by the first year, weight triples (22.5 pounds if “normal”)

66
Q

a typical two year old weighs:

A
  • 1/5 of adult weight (approx. 30 lbs)(4x initial body weight)
  • 1/2 of adult height (approx 32-36”)
67
Q

heights, weights, and head circumference are measured in…

A

percentiles,, they represent the norms

ex.) the 38th percentile means in a lineup of 100 babies, that baby would be the 38th baby in line)

68
Q

initial weight gain…

A

mostly fat tissue
-results in rapid growth spurts and fatty appearance and changes in mobility

69
Q

what are the 3 main components of the CNS?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal chord
  3. nerves
70
Q

at birth what do the neurons in the brain look like

A

contains more than we will ever need therefore we PRUNE

71
Q

as neurons continue to grow and develop they begin

A

networking

talk to one another,, allows for increases in development

72
Q

what are dendrites?

A

branches off of the neuron and are probably the reason brain growth triples in the 1st 2 years

73
Q

what is the meylin?

A

-the fatty insulating substance on the neuron

74
Q

what is myelination?

A

speeds up connections and communication within the brain
prevents interference

75
Q

when does neuron development and the frotal cortex development happen?

A

-during the first year

76
Q

what does the development of the frontal cortex do?

A

allows for the ability to self regulate, and regulates sleep and wakefulness

77
Q

what are the brain activity changes within the 1st 3 months>

A

-chief indications of brain development
-brain waves

78
Q

what is the chief indication of brain development?

A

does the baby look at sound and observe the world?

79
Q

characteristics of development of brain waves (@ 1 yr)

A

-develop a cyclical activity/pattern
-erratic brain wave activity signals problems and potentially teratogens
(SIDS link)

80
Q

what is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

A

-sudden death connected to breathing, brain waves, low birthweight

mediated by putting babies on their back to sleep

81
Q

what does recent research tell us about ways to reduce the risk of sids?

A
  1. remove soft bedding
  2. remove second hand smoke
  3. breast feed (allows babies to learn to breathe and eat at the same time)
  4. placing babies on their back
    (1990-1999 campaign “back to sleep”)
82
Q

what are the characteristics of SIDS infants?

A
  1. male
  2. later born children (divided parental attention)
  3. low birthweight (>5.5 lbs)
  4. APGAR below 6 at 1 minute (breathing tends to lower)
  5. were born in the winter (layers, suffocation, illness)
  6. between 2-4 months
  7. having a cold
83
Q

the risk for SIDS decreases after…

A

1 year

84
Q

listen to the SIDS audio on moodle and the baby box and other SIDS resources

A

;)

85
Q

newborn motor skills are initially limited to..

A

reflexes

86
Q

what is a reflex?

A

an involuntary unlearned response

87
Q

what are the essential reflexes?

A
  1. breathing reflex
  2. crying, shivering
  3. sucking (underdeveloped in preemies)(if u tap a babies lips, they will start sucking)
  4. rooting (like how pigs dig their noses looking for food) (babies use their face to find a breast
88
Q

what are the normal brain development reflexes?

A
  1. barbinski reflexes
  2. stepping
  3. swimming
  4. grasping
  5. moro
  6. stattle
89
Q

what is the barbinski reflex?

A

when you stroke the bottom of a babies foot their toes fan out and then curl in

90
Q

what is the stepping reflex?

A

(occurs in the 1st few months)
-when babies feel a horizontal surface, they flex their knees in and out almost as stepping like a preparation to walk

91
Q

-what is the swimming reflex?

A

babies stroke outward when placed on their stomach ***doesnt really need to have water

92
Q

what is the grasping reflex?

A

put something in a babies palm, and a baby will wrap their fingers around it

93
Q

what is the moro reflex?

A

if you have a baby laying on their back, and they lose support of their head/neck they will brace themselves as if they are falling (extend out and then in)

94
Q

what us the startle reflex?

A

when a baby encounters a bump or loud noise, they flex but no extension

95
Q

review: what are the directions of development?

A

-cephalocaudal and proximodistal

96
Q

examples of cephalocaudal development

A

-babies learn to lift their head first, then they learn to use their arms, then their legs

97
Q

examples of proximodistal development

A

babies gain control of their arms first and then their fingers

98
Q

reminder what is the difference between growth and development?

A

growth is at a biological level, development is a series of features or skills that are being acquired

99
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

(look at chart on moodle)
focus on the small muscles
-gross motor skills (whole hand) progress into fine motor skills (fingers)

100
Q

what are the milestones of the gross motor skills?

A

crawling, walking, running, rolling over

101
Q

what is a “milestone”

A

the period by which 50% of babies master a skill (p.120 in the textbook)

102
Q

what is sensation?

A

the trigger of senses
ex.) tickle on your back

103
Q

what is perception?

A

making sense of the sensation
ex.) that tickle is def a bug
face vs. vase example

104
Q

newborns have vision but…

A

it is rlly bad

105
Q

vision at birth

A

-able to focus on objects 2-30 inches away (20/400 vision)
-also color blind

106
Q

vision at the first month:

A

able to discriminate the primary caregivers face

107
Q

vision at 5-7 weeks

A

internal features of the face catch more focus than the periphery
-parts of the phase that give messaged and convey emotion are the most intersting

108
Q

vision at 14 weeks

A

have binocular vision and depth perception

109
Q

vision at 6 months

A

-20/40 vision, able to discriminate against colors

110
Q

vision at 12 months

A

-20/20 vision
-depth and motion perception (tracking) also increases and leads to habituation,, constant stimulus

ex. if you have a baby mobile maybe switch up the appearance or the msic that plsy

111
Q

hearing at birth

A

quite accurate

112
Q

hearing at 4 months

A

able to recognize most familiar peoplehe

113
Q

hearing at 5 months

A

parents can perform a simple test: baby is placed into a crib and mom or dad hides behind the door, then they call out to the baby to see if they respond. then they do it again with a whisper

114
Q

hearing at 6 months

A

pretty well developed, begin to smile at parents voice

115
Q

why is a hearing test done on the baby In the hospital

A

they want to make sure the baby has the right plan and amount of time to complete an intervention if they need it

116
Q

why is nutrition important in early childhood

A

your brain is still developing and it needs food

117
Q

what is the best nutrition?

A

breast milk

118
Q

when are the important times for solid foods?

A

within the 1st 6 months: focus on baby food
within the first year: giving the babies more of what youre eating but in a baby friendly way

119
Q

what are the two serious conditions of malnutrition>

A
  1. stunting-height reduction
  2. wasting-severely underweight
120
Q

what are examples of wasting:

A

-marasmus: lack of protein
-kwashikor: children with disdended stomachs, organs begin to compete for nourishment, important organs take precedent with the muscles wasting in the process
more info in the book

Developmental Psych (29 decks)

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