Exam 2 Chapter 12 (book)

Question 1

what is seriation?

Answer 1

the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series

crucial for things like using the alphabet
children who do not yet grasp seriation can only count up to about 100 as they do not understand where the next digit goes after

Question 2

what is an indicator of dyscalculia

Answer 2

having difficulty grasping sequence

Question 3

what is a skill that develops immensely in the concrete operational stage

Answer 3

math skills

Question 4

math learning occurs the best when…

Answer 4

it is done through a mixture of visual instruction and explanation

Question 5

social interaction aids…

Answer 5

concrete thought

Question 6

piaget advocated…while vygotsky stressed…

Answer 6

discovery, guidance

Question 7

what are the three key theories of cognitive development?

Answer 7

1. Jean piaget believed maturation was behind cognitive developemnt
2. vygotsky emphasized social interaction and culture
3. information-processing approach/ analysis of brain activations

Question 8

what is automatization and why is it important?

Answer 8

a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine so that it no longer requires conscious thought

needed in cognitive development, although not focused on by piaget or vygotsky

ex.) reading, you no longer have to look sound words out or make syllables for letters, but you can instead simply read without thinking

Question 9

rapid automated naming

Answer 9

basic ability measured by how fast a child can name a series of color, objects, and so on

children proficient in this are typically more better readers and general students

Question 10

who is robert siegler?

Answer 10

psychologist who has taken an information processing approach as he described how children learn math.

posited math understanding accrues gradually with new a better strategies tried, some ignored, half used, abandoned, or eventually adopted.

Question 11

what the knowledge leads to knowledge idea?

Answer 11

the more people know, the better they can learn

having an extensive knowledge base makes it easier to remember and understand the related new information

Question 12

as chidren gain knowledge at school over the years hey become better able to judge…

Answer 12

1. accuracy
2. what is worth remembering
3. what is not important

Question 13

what factors increase the knowledge base?

Answer 13

1. past experience
2. current opportunity
3. personal motivation

Question 14

what are control processes?

Answer 14

the neurological mechanisms that put memory, processing speed, and the knowledge base together

regulate the analysis and flow of information within the brain

Question 15

what are the two terms used to refer to cognitive control?

Answer 15

metacognition
meta memory

Question 16

the ability to use control processes is called…

Answer 16

metacognition

Question 17

why is language critical in middle childhood>

Answer 17

-helps children learn new concepts and indicates how much a child has learned

-a child who can explain their thought in complex sentence is a child who is thinking well

Question 18

what aspects of language advance from ages 6 to 11?

Answer 18

vocab, comprehension, commuication skills, and code-switching

Question 19

code switching becomes… and provide examples

Answer 19

more elaborate
-changing accents
-gestures
-grammar and so on
(change when the conversation needs it)

Question 20

what is the main differnce in vocabular building between early and middle childhood?

Answer 20

because kids in middle childhood are logical, they can use prefixes suffixes , compound words, phrases, and metaphors and also understand words even if they haven’t hear them before. Younger children on the other hand use fast mapping to acquire vocab and often lead to mistakes

Question 21

what is a crucial aspect of language that advances in middle childhood?

Answer 21

pragmatics

-knowing what words to use when and in what context

• highlights the importance of social interaction in cognition
  -leads to making more friends

Question 22

what percentage of children in middle childhood are English Language Learners?

Answer 22

12%

Question 23

what are the main strategies for learning a second language?

Answer 23

1. immersion
   -instruction occurs entirely in the new code/language
2. teach children in their first language initially and then add instruction of the second as a foreign tongue
3. bilingual education (the in between option)
   -ESL

Question 24

how do you best choose what method of language teaching to use?

Answer 24

depends on the age of the child because language learning ability changes with age

ie.) immersion may work for young children bc they soack up language, but not for an adult

Question 25

the cognitive advances, the information processing approach finds that middle child hood is the best time to

Answer 25

learn a second language

Question 26

children who are not fluent in at least one language have difficulty with…

Answer 26

cognitive skills

Question 27

why do the children of immigrants have higher motivation?

Answer 27

thy seek to validate their parents decision to leave their home country

Question 28

slow language development is a prominent sign and perhaps major cause of low academic achievement in…

Answer 28

low income families

Question 29

in children that live in low income neighborhoods, these brain structures were seen to be smaller…what is the impact of this?

Answer 29

-prefrontal cortexes
-hippocampi

these structures affect a childs ability to connect words with thoughts and remember new vocabulary

Question 30

children who grow up with books learn on average X more years of education and children who live in homes with no books

Answer 30

3

Question 31

what role do parents have in language development?

Answer 31

the education level of the mother is very important in determining language proficiency in children later on

also parents who read to their children give them a leg up in language proficiency

Question 32

why do nations want to increase education

Answer 32

data shows the national economy advances when school achievement rises

Question 33

what are the mathematical expectations for differing ages?

Answer 33

4 to 5 years:
-count to 20
-understand one to one correspondence of objects and numbers
-understand more and less
-recognize and name shapes

6 years
-count to 100
-understand bigger
-add and subtract one-digit numbers

8 years:
-add and subtract two digit numbers
-understand simple multiplication and division
-understand word problems with two variables

10 years:
-add, subtract, multiple, and divide multidigit numbers
-understand simple fractions, percentages, area, and perimeter of shapes
-understand word problems with three variables

12 years:
-begin to use abstract concepts such as formulas and algebra

Question 34

what are the reading expectations based on age?

Answer 34

4-5:
-understand basic book concepts (written front to back, left to right, and letters make words that describe pictures)
-recognize letters - name the letters on sight
-recognize and spell own name

6-7 years:
-know the sounds of the consonants and vowels, including those that have two sounds
-use sounds to figure out words
-read simple words such as cat, sit, ball, and jump

8 years:
-read simple sentences out loud, 50 words per minute, including words of two syllables
-understand basic punctuation, consonant-vowel blends
-comprehend what isread

9-10 years:
-read and understand paragraphs and chapters, including advanced punctuation (ie the colon)
-answer comprehension questions about concepts as well as facts
-read polysyllabic words (vegetarian, population)

11-12 years:
-demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading( more than 100 words per minute)
-vocab includes words that have specialized meaning in various fields
-for example, in civics, liberties, parliament, and environment all have special meanings
-comprehend paragraphs about unfamiliar topics
-sound out words, figuring out meaning using cognates and context
-read for pleasure

13+ years:
continue to build vocab, with greater emphasis on comprehension than on speech. Understand textbooks

Question 35

how are nations similar and different in educational systems?

Answer 35

all nations teach the three “r”s (reading, writing, arithmetic)

but some nations (eastern europe) emphasize learning softskills, while others (the US) leave that up to the parents

some favor critical thinking and other favor obedience and quiet

there is also variation in time spent on physical education, and the arts

Question 36

what is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 36

the unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn. IE.) teacher background, organization of play space.

most obvious example is physical surroundings: are classrooms spacious or cramped, are activites indoors or oudoors, etc.

Question 37

what is another important aspect of the hidden curriculum other than physical space? Why?

Answer 37

teacher identity

if a teachers gender, ethnicity, or economic background is unlike that of their students, students may conclude education is not for them

Question 38

in 2022 half othe students are students of color, what percentage of teachers are?

Answer 38

1/5th

**they are also overwhelmingly women

Question 39

what is the role of teacher expectations on students learning?

Answer 39

if a teacher expects a student to be disruptive or to excel, then it is more likely that student will do said expectation. They teach according to their expectations

ex.) in 4th grade Joey asked mrs kibby a question, and she got mad at him for not paying attention, but when you asked it she answered you with a smile

Question 40

why was finland able to raise their international test scores so much

Answer 40

they banned ability grouping, and encouraged collaboration and active learning rather than passive education

they also had what is called “comprehensive school” where all children learn together with no tracking, and teachers are mandated to teach each child. If a child needs special help it will occur within the classroom

They alsoplace a much higher value on teachers

only the top 3% of finlands high school graduates are admitted to teachers colleges and they can go to school free