Exam 2 Chapter 12 (book) Flashcards
what is seriation?
the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series
crucial for things like using the alphabet
children who do not yet grasp seriation can only count up to about 100 as they do not understand where the next digit goes after
what is an indicator of dyscalculia
having difficulty grasping sequence
what is a skill that develops immensely in the concrete operational stage
math skills
math learning occurs the best when…
it is done through a mixture of visual instruction and explanation
social interaction aids…
concrete thought
piaget advocated…while vygotsky stressed…
discovery, guidance
what are the three key theories of cognitive development?
- Jean piaget believed maturation was behind cognitive developemnt
- vygotsky emphasized social interaction and culture
- information-processing approach/ analysis of brain activations
what is automatization and why is it important?
a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine so that it no longer requires conscious thought
needed in cognitive development, although not focused on by piaget or vygotsky
ex.) reading, you no longer have to look sound words out or make syllables for letters, but you can instead simply read without thinking
rapid automated naming
basic ability measured by how fast a child can name a series of color, objects, and so on
children proficient in this are typically more better readers and general students
who is robert siegler?
psychologist who has taken an information processing approach as he described how children learn math.
posited math understanding accrues gradually with new a better strategies tried, some ignored, half used, abandoned, or eventually adopted.
what the knowledge leads to knowledge idea?
the more people know, the better they can learn
having an extensive knowledge base makes it easier to remember and understand the related new information
as chidren gain knowledge at school over the years hey become better able to judge…
- accuracy
- what is worth remembering
- what is not important
what factors increase the knowledge base?
- past experience
- current opportunity
- personal motivation
what are control processes?
the neurological mechanisms that put memory, processing speed, and the knowledge base together
regulate the analysis and flow of information within the brain
what are the two terms used to refer to cognitive control?
metacognition
meta memory
the ability to use control processes is called…
metacognition
why is language critical in middle childhood>
-helps children learn new concepts and indicates how much a child has learned
-a child who can explain their thought in complex sentence is a child who is thinking well
what aspects of language advance from ages 6 to 11?
vocab, comprehension, commuication skills, and code-switching
code switching becomes… and provide examples
more elaborate
-changing accents
-gestures
-grammar and so on
(change when the conversation needs it)
what is the main differnce in vocabular building between early and middle childhood?
because kids in middle childhood are logical, they can use prefixes suffixes , compound words, phrases, and metaphors and also understand words even if they haven’t hear them before. Younger children on the other hand use fast mapping to acquire vocab and often lead to mistakes
what is a crucial aspect of language that advances in middle childhood?
pragmatics
-knowing what words to use when and in what context
- highlights the importance of social interaction in cognition
-leads to making more friends
what percentage of children in middle childhood are English Language Learners?
12%
what are the main strategies for learning a second language?
- immersion
-instruction occurs entirely in the new code/language - teach children in their first language initially and then add instruction of the second as a foreign tongue
- bilingual education (the in between option)
-ESL
how do you best choose what method of language teaching to use?
depends on the age of the child because language learning ability changes with age
ie.) immersion may work for young children bc they soack up language, but not for an adult
the cognitive advances, the information processing approach finds that middle child hood is the best time to
learn a second language
children who are not fluent in at least one language have difficulty with…
cognitive skills
why do the children of immigrants have higher motivation?
thy seek to validate their parents decision to leave their home country
slow language development is a prominent sign and perhaps major cause of low academic achievement in…
low income families
in children that live in low income neighborhoods, these brain structures were seen to be smaller…what is the impact of this?
-prefrontal cortexes
-hippocampi
these structures affect a childs ability to connect words with thoughts and remember new vocabulary
children who grow up with books learn on average X more years of education and children who live in homes with no books
3
what role do parents have in language development?
the education level of the mother is very important in determining language proficiency in children later on
also parents who read to their children give them a leg up in language proficiency
why do nations want to increase education
data shows the national economy advances when school achievement rises
what are the mathematical expectations for differing ages?
4 to 5 years:
-count to 20
-understand one to one correspondence of objects and numbers
-understand more and less
-recognize and name shapes
6 years
-count to 100
-understand bigger
-add and subtract one-digit numbers
8 years:
-add and subtract two digit numbers
-understand simple multiplication and division
-understand word problems with two variables
10 years:
-add, subtract, multiple, and divide multidigit numbers
-understand simple fractions, percentages, area, and perimeter of shapes
-understand word problems with three variables
12 years:
-begin to use abstract concepts such as formulas and algebra
what are the reading expectations based on age?
4-5:
-understand basic book concepts (written front to back, left to right, and letters make words that describe pictures)
-recognize letters - name the letters on sight
-recognize and spell own name
6-7 years:
-know the sounds of the consonants and vowels, including those that have two sounds
-use sounds to figure out words
-read simple words such as cat, sit, ball, and jump
8 years:
-read simple sentences out loud, 50 words per minute, including words of two syllables
-understand basic punctuation, consonant-vowel blends
-comprehend what isread
9-10 years:
-read and understand paragraphs and chapters, including advanced punctuation (ie the colon)
-answer comprehension questions about concepts as well as facts
-read polysyllabic words (vegetarian, population)
11-12 years:
-demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading( more than 100 words per minute)
-vocab includes words that have specialized meaning in various fields
-for example, in civics, liberties, parliament, and environment all have special meanings
-comprehend paragraphs about unfamiliar topics
-sound out words, figuring out meaning using cognates and context
-read for pleasure
13+ years:
continue to build vocab, with greater emphasis on comprehension than on speech. Understand textbooks
how are nations similar and different in educational systems?
all nations teach the three “r”s (reading, writing, arithmetic)
but some nations (eastern europe) emphasize learning softskills, while others (the US) leave that up to the parents
some favor critical thinking and other favor obedience and quiet
there is also variation in time spent on physical education, and the arts
what is the hidden curriculum?
the unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn. IE.) teacher background, organization of play space.
most obvious example is physical surroundings: are classrooms spacious or cramped, are activites indoors or oudoors, etc.
what is another important aspect of the hidden curriculum other than physical space? Why?
teacher identity
if a teachers gender, ethnicity, or economic background is unlike that of their students, students may conclude education is not for them
in 2022 half othe students are students of color, what percentage of teachers are?
1/5th
**they are also overwhelmingly women
what is the role of teacher expectations on students learning?
if a teacher expects a student to be disruptive or to excel, then it is more likely that student will do said expectation. They teach according to their expectations
ex.) in 4th grade Joey asked mrs kibby a question, and she got mad at him for not paying attention, but when you asked it she answered you with a smile
why was finland able to raise their international test scores so much
they banned ability grouping, and encouraged collaboration and active learning rather than passive education
they also had what is called “comprehensive school” where all children learn together with no tracking, and teachers are mandated to teach each child. If a child needs special help it will occur within the classroom
They alsoplace a much higher value on teachers
only the top 3% of finlands high school graduates are admitted to teachers colleges and they can go to school free
