Exam 2 Chapter 11 (book) Flashcards
middle childhood is a time of…for growth
slow and steady
middle childhood are the…years of life
healthiest
middle childhood is crucial for the establishment of…and why?
good health habits because children are old enough to understand the reasons to eat well, brush their teeth, and go to the dentist and doctor but have not yet reached puberty to wish for independence
the death rate for 6 to 10 years olds is… and why
the lowest of any age range
reasons are both nature and nurture. Genetic diseases are more lethal in infancy and old age, and infectious diseases are kept away thru immunizations, and drug abuse is riskier in older teenagers
Exercise advances…
physical, emotional, mental health, as well as academics
what percentage of injuries to 5 to 11 year olds were concussions
46%
concussions before age 25…
unlikely to show immediate damage, but causes neurocognitive disorders in late adulthood
types of activity and movement very by…
culture
ie.) in the united states many kids are put in to baseball, in the Netherlands most children own bikes
after school activities are often limited to families
with high SES and children without disabilities
relation between kids activity levels and parents
when fathers watch their kids play sports their testosterone levels rise especially when watching their sons
smaller families have led to higher activity levels and participation from parents
parental involvement in childrens sports is both…and a…..
benefit (children know their parents care) and liability children feel pressured to perform)
most injuries between 6 to 16 year olds involved…
sports
exercise in Japan
Japanese people believe that physical activity promotes learning and character development
many Japanese schools have swimming pools, indoor gyms, outdoor yards, wings, etc.
japanese kids score higher on achievement tests and live longer
what are the links between motor skills and typical school activities?
-writing requires finger control
-reading requires eye control
-sitting at a disk requires control of body movement
in general as average income of students families decline…
so does school time for physical exercise, childrens health also declines
Fine motor skills in girls develop this amount of time before boys
6 months
boys develop this before girls
gross motor skills
why do girls develop fine motor skills, but boys develop gross motor skills first
girls are encouraged to do more sedentary activities like dress dolls or sew, and then boys are encouraged to do more physical activities like football and sports
Drawing and drama in middle childhood
children enjoy expressing themselves, especially if their caregivers applaud their performances, display their artwork, and otherwise communicate approval
artwork often lacks precision dur to lack of fine motor skills
what are health challenges in Middle Childhood?
chronic conditions: tourettes, stuttering, allergies
can cause some unexpected rejection or humiliation from other kids
what is childhood obesity defined as?
BMI above the 95th percentile
what are the consequences of childhood obesity?
not apparent immediately
but will set the children up for health problems later on
and also causes social problems
-shaming
-prejudice
-low self esteem
-poorer school achievement
why are some children obese?
(correlates)
-preterm newborns
-formula fed infants
-TV in childrens bedrooms
-soda instead of water at meals
-difficulties with sleep
-lack of outdoor play
-lack of active play
what is the best practice to combat obesity
prevention and education for the parents and children together
how do TV ads contribute to obesity
fatty and sugary foods are marketed targeting kids
what is asthma and what are some difficulties that have come with it
-chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that make breathing difficult
-affects learning and self concept
-can be fatal if it continues
-biggest issue: frequent absences from school
-impedes learning and friendships
asthma rates are higher for…
boys, black children, and children of puerto rican descent
rates increase as income falls
causes of asthma
-genetic alleles
-carpets
-pollution
-pets
-airtight windows
-parental smoking
-cockroaches
-dust mites
-less outdoor play
what do some scientists think is a way to prevent asthma
allowing children to interact with germs at a young age
support:
-first born children develop asthma more often than later born ones
-asthma and allergies are less common among farm dwelling children
-children born by cesarean delivery have higher rates of asthma
what challenges to children born under 27 weeks have in middle childhood?
neurological challenges that impead motor skills.
body movement improves…and vice versa (why)
intellectual functioning
exercise increases cerebral blood flow which fuels brain tissue and neurotransmitters
what specific part of the brain increases with activity
hippocampus
what is selective attention?
promoted by brain maturation…concentrating on one stimuli while ignoring others
improves around age 7
affected both by brain maturation and experience (especially active play)
ex.) karate fosters executive function because it requires the inhibition of some reactions in order to execute others
reaction time…in middle childhood (why)
shortens,, mainly because brain maturation is combining with physical play
also increasing myelination
and experience
(ex. children who have been abused can recognize angry faces quicker than children who have not been abused)
what percentage of children are thought to need specialized education due to something atypical about their brains
10-20%
what are ways that brain functioning is measured?
Aptitude, Achievement, and IQ
what is aptitude
the brain potential to master a specific skill or learn a certain body of knowledge
a child may have a certain aptitude to be a good reader even if they have never read before
what is achievement
a measure of what has actually been mastered
ie.) comparing a child to what they are expected to do
what is IQ
-test developed by alfred Binet
-sought to distinguish children who were unable to learn as fast as other children
Wechsler tests
specialized intelligence tests for different ages ( young children, older children, and adults)
5 indicators of verbal intelligence
5 indicators of performance intelligence (puzzles, pictures with something missing
IQ tests follow what type of distribution
standard normal
aptitude is not a … characteristic
fixed
every human has a mix of these that amount to their intellgences
aptitudes, abilities, and achievements
(vary based on experience and effort)
the belief that humans have mupltiple intelligences
-Robert Sternberg and Howard garner
everyone has some type of all intelligence, but some people excel in certain ones over others
what were garners 9 types of intelligence?
- linguistic
- logical mathematical
- musical
- spatial
- bodily kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
(8. naturalistic)
(9. spiritualistic/existential)
what are the 4 generalities neuroscientist and psychologists agree on?
- brain development reflects experiences. Thus, a brain is accurate only at the moment, not for the future
- dendrites form and myelination changes throughout life. Middle childhood is crucial, but developments before and after these years are also significant
- each individual brain functions in a particular way, a concept called neurodiversity. Diverse neurological patterns are not necessarily better or worse, they are simply different
what is developmental psychopathology?
the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders
most disorders are…
comorbid
what four general principles should be emphasized when discussing children with different educational needs?
- abnormality is normal.
-everyone has some aspects of behavior that are unusual. The opposite is also true, everyone with a diagnosed disorder is in many respects like everyone else - disability changes year by year
-a severe childhood disorder may become insignificant but a minor problem may become disabling. Children with significant disabilities can become productive adults. Conversely with some conditions adulthood can be limited. Of course the worth of a human being does not depend o productivity but the quality of life does change over time - Plasticity and compensation are widespread
-many conditions especially those that originate in the brain seem to disappear with age and treatment - diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
-each individual interacts with their surrounding settings, including family, school, community, and culture- which modify worsen, cause, or eliminate psychopathology
what is multifinality
when one cause can have multiple manifestations
ex.) an infant who has been flooded with stress hormones may become easily angered, quick to cry, or may not be affected
what is equifinality?
one symptom can be the result of several different causes
ex.) a child who does not talk may have autism or a hearing impairment, may be electively mute, or pathologically shy
what is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors, interferes with a persons functioning or development
DSM states symptoms must start before 12 and must impact daily life
what are the three apparent problems when diagnosing ADHD in children
- misdiagnosis:
-many psychoactive drugs alter moods. A child with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder or severe anxiety or depression might be harmed if the wrong mood changing drug is prescribed - drug misuse
-long term use a Ritalin and misdiagnosis of ADHD may lead to drug misuse in adolescence and early childhood - typical behavior considered pathological
-if a childs activity, impulsiveness, and curiosity are diagnosed as ADHD, that child may be needlessly medicated and/or depressed
what are the two main learning specific disorders?
- dyslexia
- dyscalculia
what is dyslexia
the most commonly diagnosed learning disorder that causes unexpected difficulty with reading
5-10% of all children have this disability
what is dyscalculia?
unusual difficulty with math
stems from a processing problem originating in the brain (may lead to math anxiety)
what is autism spectrum disorder
children with autism are less adept at conventional conversation, at social play, and at understanding emotions
-theory of mind develops much later
-1/36 children has been diagnosed with ASD
-behavioral signs are the best indicator
what is the significance of changing the name to autism spectrum…
indicates that people can have a mild, moderate, or severe form of autism
what USED to be thought to cause autism
uninvolved mothers whos children were so deprived of social interaction that they isolated themselves into autism
&
vaccinations
what is the CURRENT hypothesis about why we have seen an increase in autism>
- environment
-new chemicals in food, air, or water - prenatal influence
-pregnant parents using drugs
-eating foods with traces of pesticides
-contracting prenatal viruses.
-COVID-19 - ASD has not increased but diagnosis has.
- in 2000 education for kids with ASD became publicly funded, so parents are more willing to seek diagnosis and find a doctor - DSM-5
-the definition has expanded and more people fir into the category
the individual education play (IEP)
-1975 education of all handicapped children act merited public education in the least restrictive environment
-children will remain in a regular class and there will be the appropriate aids and services o get them through
what is response to intervention
- a method to mediate learning before sending a student to special education
children are tested on a skill, those that did not master the skill receive special intervention time and individualized teaching
if not met then kids are referred to an IEP
