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Developmental Psych > Exam 2 Chapter 11 (book) > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chapter 11 (book) Flashcards

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1
Q

middle childhood is a time of…for growth

A

slow and steady

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2
Q

middle childhood are the…years of life

A

healthiest

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3
Q

middle childhood is crucial for the establishment of…and why?

A

good health habits because children are old enough to understand the reasons to eat well, brush their teeth, and go to the dentist and doctor but have not yet reached puberty to wish for independence

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4
Q

the death rate for 6 to 10 years olds is… and why

A

the lowest of any age range

reasons are both nature and nurture. Genetic diseases are more lethal in infancy and old age, and infectious diseases are kept away thru immunizations, and drug abuse is riskier in older teenagers

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5
Q

Exercise advances…

A

physical, emotional, mental health, as well as academics

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6
Q

what percentage of injuries to 5 to 11 year olds were concussions

A

46%

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7
Q

concussions before age 25…

A

unlikely to show immediate damage, but causes neurocognitive disorders in late adulthood

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8
Q

types of activity and movement very by…

A

culture
ie.) in the united states many kids are put in to baseball, in the Netherlands most children own bikes

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9
Q

after school activities are often limited to families

A

with high SES and children without disabilities

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10
Q

relation between kids activity levels and parents

A

when fathers watch their kids play sports their testosterone levels rise especially when watching their sons

smaller families have led to higher activity levels and participation from parents

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11
Q

parental involvement in childrens sports is both…and a…..

A

benefit (children know their parents care) and liability children feel pressured to perform)

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12
Q

most injuries between 6 to 16 year olds involved…

A

sports

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13
Q

exercise in Japan

A

Japanese people believe that physical activity promotes learning and character development

many Japanese schools have swimming pools, indoor gyms, outdoor yards, wings, etc.

japanese kids score higher on achievement tests and live longer

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14
Q

what are the links between motor skills and typical school activities?

A

-writing requires finger control
-reading requires eye control
-sitting at a disk requires control of body movement

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15
Q

in general as average income of students families decline…

A

so does school time for physical exercise, childrens health also declines

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16
Q

Fine motor skills in girls develop this amount of time before boys

A

6 months

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17
Q

boys develop this before girls

A

gross motor skills

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18
Q

why do girls develop fine motor skills, but boys develop gross motor skills first

A

girls are encouraged to do more sedentary activities like dress dolls or sew, and then boys are encouraged to do more physical activities like football and sports

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19
Q

Drawing and drama in middle childhood

A

children enjoy expressing themselves, especially if their caregivers applaud their performances, display their artwork, and otherwise communicate approval

artwork often lacks precision dur to lack of fine motor skills

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20
Q

what are health challenges in Middle Childhood?

A

chronic conditions: tourettes, stuttering, allergies

can cause some unexpected rejection or humiliation from other kids

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21
Q

what is childhood obesity defined as?

A

BMI above the 95th percentile

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22
Q

what are the consequences of childhood obesity?

A

not apparent immediately
but will set the children up for health problems later on
and also causes social problems
-shaming
-prejudice
-low self esteem
-poorer school achievement

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23
Q

why are some children obese?

A

(correlates)
-preterm newborns
-formula fed infants
-TV in childrens bedrooms
-soda instead of water at meals
-difficulties with sleep
-lack of outdoor play
-lack of active play

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23
Q

what is the best practice to combat obesity

A

prevention and education for the parents and children together

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24
Q

how do TV ads contribute to obesity

A

fatty and sugary foods are marketed targeting kids

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25
Q

what is asthma and what are some difficulties that have come with it

A

-chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that make breathing difficult
-affects learning and self concept
-can be fatal if it continues
-biggest issue: frequent absences from school
-impedes learning and friendships

26
Q

asthma rates are higher for…

A

boys, black children, and children of puerto rican descent

rates increase as income falls

27
Q

causes of asthma

A

-genetic alleles
-carpets
-pollution
-pets
-airtight windows
-parental smoking
-cockroaches
-dust mites
-less outdoor play

28
Q

what do some scientists think is a way to prevent asthma

A

allowing children to interact with germs at a young age

support:
-first born children develop asthma more often than later born ones
-asthma and allergies are less common among farm dwelling children
-children born by cesarean delivery have higher rates of asthma

29
Q

what challenges to children born under 27 weeks have in middle childhood?

A

neurological challenges that impead motor skills.

30
Q

body movement improves…and vice versa (why)

A

intellectual functioning

exercise increases cerebral blood flow which fuels brain tissue and neurotransmitters

31
Q

what specific part of the brain increases with activity

A

hippocampus

32
Q

what is selective attention?

A

promoted by brain maturation…concentrating on one stimuli while ignoring others

improves around age 7

affected both by brain maturation and experience (especially active play)

ex.) karate fosters executive function because it requires the inhibition of some reactions in order to execute others

33
Q

reaction time…in middle childhood (why)

A

shortens,, mainly because brain maturation is combining with physical play

also increasing myelination

and experience
(ex. children who have been abused can recognize angry faces quicker than children who have not been abused)

34
Q

what percentage of children are thought to need specialized education due to something atypical about their brains

A

10-20%

35
Q

what are ways that brain functioning is measured?

A

Aptitude, Achievement, and IQ

36
Q

what is aptitude

A

the brain potential to master a specific skill or learn a certain body of knowledge

a child may have a certain aptitude to be a good reader even if they have never read before

37
Q

what is achievement

A

a measure of what has actually been mastered

ie.) comparing a child to what they are expected to do

38
Q

what is IQ

A

-test developed by alfred Binet
-sought to distinguish children who were unable to learn as fast as other children

39
Q

Wechsler tests

A

specialized intelligence tests for different ages ( young children, older children, and adults)

5 indicators of verbal intelligence
5 indicators of performance intelligence (puzzles, pictures with something missing

40
Q

IQ tests follow what type of distribution

A

standard normal

41
Q

aptitude is not a … characteristic

A

fixed

42
Q

every human has a mix of these that amount to their intellgences

A

aptitudes, abilities, and achievements
(vary based on experience and effort)

43
Q

the belief that humans have mupltiple intelligences

A

-Robert Sternberg and Howard garner

everyone has some type of all intelligence, but some people excel in certain ones over others

44
Q

what were garners 9 types of intelligence?

A
  1. linguistic
  2. logical mathematical
  3. musical
  4. spatial
  5. bodily kinesthetic
  6. interpersonal
  7. intrapersonal
    (8. naturalistic)
    (9. spiritualistic/existential)
45
Q

what are the 4 generalities neuroscientist and psychologists agree on?

A
  1. brain development reflects experiences. Thus, a brain is accurate only at the moment, not for the future
  2. dendrites form and myelination changes throughout life. Middle childhood is crucial, but developments before and after these years are also significant
  3. each individual brain functions in a particular way, a concept called neurodiversity. Diverse neurological patterns are not necessarily better or worse, they are simply different
46
Q

what is developmental psychopathology?

A

the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders

47
Q

most disorders are…

A

comorbid

48
Q

what four general principles should be emphasized when discussing children with different educational needs?

A
  1. abnormality is normal.
    -everyone has some aspects of behavior that are unusual. The opposite is also true, everyone with a diagnosed disorder is in many respects like everyone else
  2. disability changes year by year
    -a severe childhood disorder may become insignificant but a minor problem may become disabling. Children with significant disabilities can become productive adults. Conversely with some conditions adulthood can be limited. Of course the worth of a human being does not depend o productivity but the quality of life does change over time
  3. Plasticity and compensation are widespread
    -many conditions especially those that originate in the brain seem to disappear with age and treatment
  4. diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
    -each individual interacts with their surrounding settings, including family, school, community, and culture- which modify worsen, cause, or eliminate psychopathology
49
Q

what is multifinality

A

when one cause can have multiple manifestations

ex.) an infant who has been flooded with stress hormones may become easily angered, quick to cry, or may not be affected

50
Q

what is equifinality?

A

one symptom can be the result of several different causes

ex.) a child who does not talk may have autism or a hearing impairment, may be electively mute, or pathologically shy

51
Q

what is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors, interferes with a persons functioning or development

DSM states symptoms must start before 12 and must impact daily life

52
Q

what are the three apparent problems when diagnosing ADHD in children

A
  1. misdiagnosis:
    -many psychoactive drugs alter moods. A child with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder or severe anxiety or depression might be harmed if the wrong mood changing drug is prescribed
  2. drug misuse
    -long term use a Ritalin and misdiagnosis of ADHD may lead to drug misuse in adolescence and early childhood
  3. typical behavior considered pathological
    -if a childs activity, impulsiveness, and curiosity are diagnosed as ADHD, that child may be needlessly medicated and/or depressed
53
Q

what are the two main learning specific disorders?

A
  1. dyslexia
  2. dyscalculia
54
Q

what is dyslexia

A

the most commonly diagnosed learning disorder that causes unexpected difficulty with reading
5-10% of all children have this disability

55
Q

what is dyscalculia?

A

unusual difficulty with math
stems from a processing problem originating in the brain (may lead to math anxiety)

56
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder

A

children with autism are less adept at conventional conversation, at social play, and at understanding emotions

-theory of mind develops much later

-1/36 children has been diagnosed with ASD

-behavioral signs are the best indicator

57
Q

what is the significance of changing the name to autism spectrum…

A

indicates that people can have a mild, moderate, or severe form of autism

58
Q

what USED to be thought to cause autism

A

uninvolved mothers whos children were so deprived of social interaction that they isolated themselves into autism
&
vaccinations

59
Q

what is the CURRENT hypothesis about why we have seen an increase in autism>

A
  1. environment
    -new chemicals in food, air, or water
  2. prenatal influence
    -pregnant parents using drugs
    -eating foods with traces of pesticides
    -contracting prenatal viruses.
    -COVID-19
  3. ASD has not increased but diagnosis has.
    - in 2000 education for kids with ASD became publicly funded, so parents are more willing to seek diagnosis and find a doctor
  4. DSM-5
    -the definition has expanded and more people fir into the category
60
Q

the individual education play (IEP)

A

-1975 education of all handicapped children act merited public education in the least restrictive environment

-children will remain in a regular class and there will be the appropriate aids and services o get them through

61
Q

what is response to intervention

A
  • a method to mediate learning before sending a student to special education

children are tested on a skill, those that did not master the skill receive special intervention time and individualized teaching

if not met then kids are referred to an IEP

62
Q
A

Developmental Psych (29 decks)

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