Exam 2 (Chapter 10: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development Flashcards
what stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory are children in in the early childhood stage of life?
Initiative v. guilt
taking on new tasks, if criticized or fail, kids tend to get guilty.
kids become parents little helper
what occurs as a result of symbolic thought? (preoperational period)
- sociodramatic play
-fantasy play
-role play - fears and fantasies
-infants and toddlers have more tangible and real fears
-in early childhood fears become more intangible and mythical
(ex. being afraid of the dark)
what are the categories of social play?
(Mildred Parten 6 types of play)
- Unoccupied play
- solitary play
- onlook play
- parallel play
- associative play
- cooperative play
what is unoccupied play?
aimless play without engaging with others
what is solitary play?
play without acknowledging others
is a sign of concentration
often occurs while carrying on a monologue
what is onlook play?
kids are playing on their own, (not participating) but are observing others play
ex. watching someone play video games or sports, or watching older kids play together at family gatherings
what is parallel play?
children playing with similar toys in similar fashions but do not interact with one another
emphasis on NOT SHARING
ex.) arts and crafts time not sharing materials
what is associative play?
not playing the same thing as another, but sharing the same materials
ex.) arts and crafts time making differing drawings but using the same crayons
what is cooperative play?
interactive play with one another
usually in older children (8-10)
can also be with an adult
ex.) you and maddie playing American girl dolls
what are the dimensions of parenting
warmth (v. hostility)
discipline (strict v. nonstrict)
communication
maturity expectations
discipline is different than
punishment
what are the 4 different parenting styles (3 by Diana Baumrind and the other one)
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglectful/uninvolved
what are the characteristics of the authoritarian parenting style?
low warmth, high discipline, parent to child communication, high maturity expectations
dictatorship style
one way communication
disobedience is strictly punished usually with corporal punishment
children raised by authoritarian parents are..
fearful of mistakes
rebellious
distrustful
unhappy
withdrawn
not high achieving
permissive parenting style
high love, low discipline, child to parent communication, low maturity expectations
anarchy style
few demands
anything goes
nurturing and accepting
lax discipline
communication occurs at the discretion of the child
regulation and self discipline is left to the child
children raised by permissive parents are …
-the least self reliant and self controlled
-lacking in friends and get in conflict with their friends often
-unhappy and lack emotional regulation
-more dependent due to lack of maturity and boundaries
authoritative parenting style
moderate warmth and discipline, moderate maturity expectations, two way parent child communication
democratic style
back and forth communication
give and take relationship
parents listen to their children
set limits and enforce rules
moderate maturity expectationsc
children of authoritative parents are…
-self reliant and self controlled
-better at emotional regulation
- more content, friendly, and happy
-successful
-generous
neglectful/uninvolved parenting style
usually correlated with severe depression or substance use
virtually unaware of what children are doingchild
children with uninvolved/neglectful parents are…
-sad
-lonely
-immature
-at risk of abuse
what is the bottom line of parenting styles?
kids who grow up with love and limits will grow up to be successful and well adjusted
what are the effects of physical punishment
- at first physical punishment seems to be effective
- factos with people who were physically punished with spanking as chidren are at an increased risk of these later in life
- depression and anxiety
- suicidal ideation
- becoming abusive adults
- become bullies and elinquents
- experiencing alienation
- lower economic achievement
- drug and alcohol abuse
what are some suggestions instead of using physical punishment?
- positive reinforcement (praise good behavior)
- use negative punishment
3 .behavior expectation (make sure the punishment matches the maturity levels) - rules/expectations explained in advance
- consequences should be immediate and consistent
- if a rule is broken frequently, children who are not spanked as children become less aggressive
what is the best way to stop a behavior
be consistent
what is the best way to continue a behavior>
be intermittent
what is gender?
the social construct of what is appropriate for the biological sexes
what is sex
biological assignement at birth
what are gender roles?
behaviors deemed appropriate for the genders
what is gender identity
how an individual feels on the continuum of gender
what are the two theories of gender?
- biological theory
- sociocultural theory
what is the biological theory of gender?
there is something prenatal that determines feelings about gender
what is the sociocultural theory of gender?
the idea that gender is shaped by cultural and social influences only
-androgyny
what is androgyny?
the willingness to break out of gender roles, emphasis on behavior and not identity
(elton john) (stay at home dads) (Jeffree star)
explain how the daivid reimer story incorporates both theories of gender
David was accidentally castrated at birth, and therefore doctors assumed that without a penis david would not consider himself a boy, but rather genderless. At the time psychologists believed in the sociocultural theory of gender and believed that David could be socialized into being a girl by being put into dresses and told that he was a girl. However, the biological theory prevailed as David was unhappy being a girl and considered his gender identity to be male. Something prenatal within David made him feel like he was a boy (this is not always the case, but it is sometimes)
what are the three major effects of screen time?
- effects of commercials
- content of the programs
- time could be better spent
what are the effects of commercials and content on children?
- they tend to reinforce social and gender stereotypes (girls get makeup, boys get monster trucks)
- children (especially young ones) tend to believe what adults tell them (if the lady in the commercial says you need this thing then you must need it
- tends to display excessive violence and is consistently linked to…
a. aggressive behavior
b. tolerance for aggression, including passive behavior when viewing violent behavior in real life
what percentage of a childs waking hours is spent in front of a TV?
1/3
what does the paducah school shooting have to do with screen time?
the school shooter was inspired by the movie “the basketball diaries” which was later removed from shelves
what are the downsides to too much screen time
research has confirmed children who watch a great deal of TV read less, do poorly in school, and spend less time in family interactions
1. tends to rob children of play time- they become less creative, less verbal, less social, and less independent
2. children who watch more TV tend to be lower achievers
3. language skills can’t be mastered in the early years without individual adult-child communication. TV cannot substitute direct interaction.
4. it tends to cut children off from social communication/interaction
5. with increased viewing, there has been a drop in reading scores
6. heavy TV viewing contributes substantially to childhood obesity
7. children who watch a lot of TV do not acquire as many fine and gross motor skills- this leads to poor coordination-which can lead to problems in self-concept based on inclusion and exclusion from peer groups
