Exam 2 (Chapter 10: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

what stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory are children in in the early childhood stage of life?

Answer 1

Initiative v. guilt

taking on new tasks, if criticized or fail, kids tend to get guilty.

kids become parents little helper

Question 2

what occurs as a result of symbolic thought? (preoperational period)

Answer 2

1. sociodramatic play
   -fantasy play
   -role play
2. fears and fantasies
   -infants and toddlers have more tangible and real fears
   -in early childhood fears become more intangible and mythical
   (ex. being afraid of the dark)

Question 3

what are the categories of social play?
(Mildred Parten 6 types of play)

Answer 3

1. Unoccupied play
2. solitary play
3. onlook play
4. parallel play
5. associative play
6. cooperative play

Question 4

what is unoccupied play?

Answer 4

aimless play without engaging with others

Question 5

what is solitary play?

Answer 5

play without acknowledging others
is a sign of concentration
often occurs while carrying on a monologue

Question 6

what is onlook play?

Answer 6

kids are playing on their own, (not participating) but are observing others play

ex. watching someone play video games or sports, or watching older kids play together at family gatherings

Question 7

what is parallel play?

Answer 7

children playing with similar toys in similar fashions but do not interact with one another
emphasis on NOT SHARING
ex.) arts and crafts time not sharing materials

Question 8

what is associative play?

Answer 8

not playing the same thing as another, but sharing the same materials
ex.) arts and crafts time making differing drawings but using the same crayons

Question 9

what is cooperative play?

Answer 9

interactive play with one another
usually in older children (8-10)
can also be with an adult
ex.) you and maddie playing American girl dolls

Question 10

what are the dimensions of parenting

Answer 10

warmth (v. hostility)
discipline (strict v. nonstrict)
communication
maturity expectations

Question 11

discipline is different than

Answer 11

punishment

Question 12

what are the 4 different parenting styles (3 by Diana Baumrind and the other one)

Answer 12

authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglectful/uninvolved

Question 13

what are the characteristics of the authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 13

low warmth, high discipline, parent to child communication, high maturity expectations

dictatorship style

one way communication
disobedience is strictly punished usually with corporal punishment

Question 14

children raised by authoritarian parents are..

Answer 14

fearful of mistakes
rebellious
distrustful
unhappy
withdrawn
not high achieving

Question 15

permissive parenting style

Answer 15

high love, low discipline, child to parent communication, low maturity expectations

anarchy style

few demands
anything goes
nurturing and accepting
lax discipline
communication occurs at the discretion of the child
regulation and self discipline is left to the child

Question 16

children raised by permissive parents are …

Answer 16

-the least self reliant and self controlled
-lacking in friends and get in conflict with their friends often
-unhappy and lack emotional regulation
-more dependent due to lack of maturity and boundaries

Question 17

authoritative parenting style

Answer 17

moderate warmth and discipline, moderate maturity expectations, two way parent child communication

democratic style

back and forth communication
give and take relationship
parents listen to their children
set limits and enforce rules
moderate maturity expectationsc

Question 18

children of authoritative parents are…

Answer 18

-self reliant and self controlled
-better at emotional regulation
- more content, friendly, and happy
-successful
-generous

Question 19

neglectful/uninvolved parenting style

Answer 19

usually correlated with severe depression or substance use
virtually unaware of what children are doingchild

Question 20

children with uninvolved/neglectful parents are…

Answer 20

-sad
-lonely
-immature
-at risk of abuse

Question 21

what is the bottom line of parenting styles?

Answer 21

kids who grow up with love and limits will grow up to be successful and well adjusted

Question 22

what are the effects of physical punishment

Answer 22

1. at first physical punishment seems to be effective
2. factos with people who were physically punished with spanking as chidren are at an increased risk of these later in life
3. depression and anxiety
4. suicidal ideation
5. becoming abusive adults
6. become bullies and elinquents
7. experiencing alienation
8. lower economic achievement
9. drug and alcohol abuse

Question 23

what are some suggestions instead of using physical punishment?

Answer 23

1. positive reinforcement (praise good behavior)
2. use negative punishment
   3 .behavior expectation (make sure the punishment matches the maturity levels)
3. rules/expectations explained in advance
4. consequences should be immediate and consistent
5. if a rule is broken frequently, children who are not spanked as children become less aggressive

Question 24

what is the best way to stop a behavior

Answer 24

be consistent

Question 25

what is the best way to continue a behavior>

Answer 25

be intermittent

Question 26

what is gender?

Answer 26

the social construct of what is appropriate for the biological sexes

Question 27

what is sex

Answer 27

biological assignement at birth

Question 28

what are gender roles?

Answer 28

behaviors deemed appropriate for the genders

Question 29

what is gender identity

Answer 29

how an individual feels on the continuum of gender

Question 30

what are the two theories of gender?

Answer 30

1. biological theory 2. sociocultural theory

Question 31

what is the biological theory of gender?

Answer 31

there is something prenatal that determines feelings about gender

Question 32

what is the sociocultural theory of gender?

Answer 32

the idea that gender is shaped by cultural and social influences only -androgyny

Question 33

what is androgyny?

Answer 33

the willingness to break out of gender roles, emphasis on behavior and not identity (elton john) (stay at home dads) (Jeffree star)

Question 34

explain how the daivid reimer story incorporates both theories of gender

Answer 34

David was accidentally castrated at birth, and therefore doctors assumed that without a penis david would not consider himself a boy, but rather genderless. At the time psychologists believed in the sociocultural theory of gender and believed that David could be socialized into being a girl by being put into dresses and told that he was a girl. However, the biological theory prevailed as David was unhappy being a girl and considered his gender identity to be male. Something prenatal within David made him feel like he was a boy (this is not always the case, but it is sometimes)

Question 35

what are the three major effects of screen time?

Answer 35

1. effects of commercials 2. content of the programs 3. time could be better spent

Question 36

what are the effects of commercials and content on children?

Answer 36

1. they tend to reinforce social and gender stereotypes (girls get makeup, boys get monster trucks) 2. children (especially young ones) tend to believe what adults tell them (if the lady in the commercial says you need this thing then you must need it 3. tends to display excessive violence and is consistently linked to... a. aggressive behavior b. tolerance for aggression, including passive behavior when viewing violent behavior in real life

Question 37

what percentage of a childs waking hours is spent in front of a TV?

Answer 37

1/3

Question 38

what does the paducah school shooting have to do with screen time?

Answer 38

the school shooter was inspired by the movie "the basketball diaries" which was later removed from shelves

Question 39

what are the downsides to too much screen time

Answer 39

research has confirmed children who watch a great deal of TV read less, do poorly in school, and spend less time in family interactions 1. tends to rob children of play time- they become less creative, less verbal, less social, and less independent 2. children who watch more TV tend to be lower achievers 3. language skills can't be mastered in the early years without individual adult-child communication. TV cannot substitute direct interaction. 4. it tends to cut children off from social communication/interaction 5. with increased viewing, there has been a drop in reading scores 6. heavy TV viewing contributes substantially to childhood obesity 7. children who watch a lot of TV do not acquire as many fine and gross motor skills- this leads to poor coordination-which can lead to problems in self-concept based on inclusion and exclusion from peer groups