Exam 2: Chapter 10 (book) Flashcards
what are the core things we will be learning about in this chapter?
emotional regulation
play patterns
strict and permissive parenting
and gender awareness
what is emotional regulation?
the ability to control emotional expression
the main psychosocial task from ages 2-6
(emotional regulation) by age 6, most children can…
be angry, frightened, sad, anxious , or proud without explosive outbursts of emotions
what are the factors that affect the development of emotional regulation?
- Maturation: emotion regulation improves every year
- Learning: in the zone of proximal development, children learn from mentors, who offer tactics for managing emotions
- Culture: in the US, many parents tell their children not to be afraid in Japan, parents tell children not to brag; in the Netherlands, not to be moody. Children will regulate their emotions in accord with their national culture as well as their family
emotional regulation is closely tied to the emotions of…
other people
“mothers and children regulate or deregulate each other”
what is effortful control
an aspect of emotional regulation, the ability to regulate ones emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination
effortful control is more difficult when…
a person is in pain, tired, or hungry
effortful control can be useful for children when…
they come from hostile homes, less emotional outburst protects them from the anger of their parent(s)
executive function emphasizes…
effortful control emphasizes…
cognition
temperament
review: initiative v. guilt
emotion regulation is part of this stage
young children undertake new skills (ex. expressing a new emotion) and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
what emotion is very prevalent in early childhood, and why is that so?
pride, pride allows children protective optimism and encourages them to try new things and learn even when they may fail,, it protects children from guilt or shame
subsequently children tend to boast and brag
when does the shift occur when children begin to prefer modesty over boasting? and what is it evidence of?
7, emotional regulation (children can keep quiet about how wonderful they are)
what is motivation and where does it come from?
the impulse that propels someone to act, and it can come from a persons own desires or from their social context
what is intrinsic motivation
motives that arise from within, people do something just for the joy of doing it
thought to advance creativity innovation, and emotional wellbeing
all of Eriksons psychosocial needs are what type of motive?
intrinsic, the child feels inwardly compelled to act even when adults forbit it
ex.) when adults are in a rush and kids dawdle,, the adult is trying desperately to get the kid in the car, but the kid cannot help themselves and has to go pick up tat rock over there or point out the pretty clouds
intrinsic motivation is especially apparent when…
children use their imagination to invent dialogue for their toys, concentrate on creating art talking with imaginary friends
what is extrinsic motivation and where does it come from?
doing something for external praise or some other form of reinforcement, comes from outside of the person
ex.) a musician plays for the applause or the money
if an extrinsic reward is removed…
behavior may stop unless it has become a habit
why do adults have to be careful with extrinsic motivation
if not don’t carefully/if done too much it can undermine intrinsic motivation
therefore parents have to be intentional with their praise
young children play best with…
peers (people of the same age and social status)
in terms of play and social maturation, children age 2-6 gradually can…
learn how to join a peer group, manage conflict, take turns, find friends, and keep the action going
what are mildred Partens 5 stages of play?
- Solitary: child plays alone, unaware of other children playing nearby (age 1 ish)
- onlooker: a child watches other children play (age 2)
- Parallel: children play in similar ways but not together (age 3)
- Associative: children interact, sharing toys, but not taking turns (Age 4)
- Cooperative: Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns
what are the two main categories of play?
-solitary
-social
rough and tumble play
a type of social play
rough play that is “just pretend”
more common among males, and fathers are most often engage in it as a bonding experience with their children
flourishes best in ample space with minimal supervision
what engages in a childs brain when they participate in rough and tumble play?
their limbic system connects with the prefrontal cortex
what is sociodramatic play?
play in which children act out various roles and plots
socio dramatic play typically arises from?
intrinsic motivation within each child
what ways does sociodramatic play advance development?
-explore and rehearse social roles
-explain their ideas and persuade playmates
-regulate emotions by pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, and so on
-develop self-concept in a nonthreatening context
quality of sociodramatic play improves when…
an adult joins in
what are the effects of excessive screen time?
-obesity
-emotional immaturity
-slower language development
what is the recommended screen time for 2-6yr olds
no more than 1 hour per day
what are Baumrinds categories of parenting styles?
- authoritarian
- permissive
- authoritative
- neglectful/uninvolved (not from Baumrind)
what are the ways Diana Baumrind found caregivers differed in?
-expressions of warmth (affectionate vs. cold and critical)
-strategies for discipline (how they explain, criticize, persuade, and punish)
-expectations for maturity (expectations for responsibility and self control)
-communication patterns (listenign patiently v. demanding silence)
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
the parents word is law and not to be questioned. Misconduct brings strict punishment (usually physical). Parents set clear rules and high standards, Discussing emotions is rare.
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents make few demands and their discipline is lax. Expectations are low
ex.) a child might yell “I hate you” to their parent and the parent would respond with silence or an “I love you”
what is the authoritative parenting style?
parents set limits, but they are flexible. They consider themselves guides not authorities but also not friends.
what is the neglectful/uninvolved parenting style
parents do not know or care what their children do unless it impacts them. or, they may lack the capacity to be involved. Ie.) depression or substance use disorder. Their childrens actions may seem like those of permissive parents, but neglectful parents are unconcerned, whereas permissive parents care very much
characteristics of the Authoritarian parenting style:
-low warmth
-strict and physical discipline
-high expectations of maturity
-high parent to child communication
-low child to parent communication
characteristics of the permissive parenting style
-high warmth
-rare discipline
- low expectations of maturity
-low parent to child communication
-high child to parent communication
(basically the exact opposite of authoritarian)
characteristics of the authoritative parenting style
-high warmth
-discipline is moderate and with much discussion
-moderate expectations of maturity
-high parent to child communication
-high child to parent communication
characteristics of the neglectful parenting style
-low love
-erratic discipline
-low expectations of maturity
-low parent to child comm.
-low child to parent comm.
what are the long term effects of the authoritarian parenting style?
these parents tend to raise children who become conscientiousness, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy. They may also feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don’ t go well.
As adolescents, they may rebel, leaving home before 20.
As adults, they are quick to blame and punish such as their parents did to them
what are the long term effects of permissive parenting?
these parents tend to raise children who lack self control. Inadequate emotion regulation makes them immature and impedes friendships so they are unhappy.
As adults, they may still depend on their parents, perhaps even living with them
what are the long term effects of authoritative parents?
typically raise children who are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. These children are usually liked by teachers and peer especially in cultures that value individual initiative
what are the long term effects of neglectful parenting?
tend to raise children who are immature, sad, lonely, with high rates of lifelong injury and abuse.
families with little money and many children tend toward what kind of parenting style? Why?
authoritarian, strict rules and intense punishment avoids the stress and chaos that occurs if the parents are permissive
children are more likely to be…..than infants or older children… and more in general in comparison to Canada or Western Europe
slapped, spanked, and beaten
what is another word fo pysical punishment?
corporal punishment
Why was there an uptick in physical punishment during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020
without the restraints of social support, anger can lead to impulsive action, making isolated adults more likely to lash out
what are the effects of corporal punishment?
creates quiet children who become disobedient later on and more likely to become child bullies, adolescent delinquents, and abusive adults
Children who are NOT spanked are MORE likely to develop…and become…
self control, less aggressive adults
what are the alternatives to physical punishment?
psychological control
(has it’s own problems)
time out
induction
what is psychological control?
aka withdrawal of love
using childrens shame, guilt and gratitude to control their behavior
(has it’s own problems0
what is the main harm of psychological control?
reduction in the childs autonomy and self confidence
psychological control may prove to satisfy the needs of the parents rather than the children
time out as discipline
requires a child to sit quietly, without toys of playmates, for a short time. Should not be done in anger or for too long.
shown to stop behavior when preschool children were showing aggressive or destructive behavior
believed to help the development of emotion regulation
what is induction
parents discuss the infraction with their child hoping the children themselves will realize why their behavior was wrong.
takes a lot of time and patience
why is induction hard?
children can be egocentric, and so itis hard for them to understand they may have caused a problem for someone else because they are so wrapped up in their own perspective.
morality is ingrained in our DNA as the human species depends on protection, cooperation and sacrifice for one another. Therefore this develops within a person…
empathy
empathy leads to…
compassion and prosocial behavior
what is prosocial behavior?
helpfulness and kindness without any obvious personal benefit
ex.) expressing concern, offering to share, and including a shy child in a game.
what is antisocial behavior
opposite of prosocial behavior,, intentionally hurting others
prosocial behavior can be traced to…
parents who help their children understand their own emotions and NOT parents who tell their children emotions other may have
ex.) how would you feel if…
antipathy
when children express a strong dislike for some people
is apparent by early childhood
antipathy leads to…
antisocial actions like verbal insults, social exclusion, and physical assaults.
early childhood is prime for these types of behavior, why?
-aggressive behavior and victimization
the child first focuses on the effects of actions and not motives (ex. a child who accidentally spills water over anothers painting, may become the target of that childs anger
what are the 4 general types of aggression?
-instrumental aggression
-reactive aggression
-relational aggression
-bullying aggression
what is instrumental aggression?
hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something that someone else has
apparent from age 2-6, involves objects more than people, quite normal, more egocentric than antisocial
what is reactive aggression?
an impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal of physical
indicates a lack of emotion regulation, characteristic of 2 yr olds. A 5 yr old can usually stop and think before reacting
what is relational aggression?
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others
involves a personal attack and is thus directly antisocial, can be very hurtful, more common as children become socially aware
what is bullying aggression?
unprovoked, repeated physica or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
in both bullies and victims, a sign of poor emotion regulation, adults should intervene before the school years
when addressing relational aggression what type of discipline is the most effective
induction
what is the difference between a sex difference and a gender difference?
a sex trait is a physiological trait whereas a gender difference is social/cultural
at what age range do children develop sex and gender identities?
3-5
by what age are chikdren using gender labels? what age do children believe certain toys and roles are reserved for one sex or the other?
2, 4
what was freuds psychoanalytic stage that encompassed this age?
phallic stage (ages 3-6)
-boys become aware of their penis, they masturbate, fear castration, and develop sexual feeling towars their mother
what is the oedipus complex?
an idea developed by freud that every young boy is jealous of his father because he is with his mother, and thus wants to replace him
according to freud these wishes make young boys feel guilty and causes them to develop the superego
the oedipus complex and the development of the superego mark the beginning of…
morality
what do behaviorists believe about all roles, values, and morals in early childhood?
they are all learned as a result of reinforcement, punishment, and social learning
how does behaviorism apply to the theory of development of gender differences?
there is reinforcement for distinct male and female actions. Ex.) if a boy is to bring his barbie to school he will be punished through words and social exclusion
how does social learning theory apply to the development of gender differences?
social learning theory posits that children learn from those around them who they see as nurturing, powerful, etc. and adults at the parenting stage of their life are the most gender typed they will probably every be, therefore kids also become gender typed bc they learn from their parents
what is a gender schema?
a schema children develop that consists of their own concept of male-female differences
how does the sociocultural theory explain the development of gender differences?
differing cultures have their own types of gender roles and distinctions
cultures also socialize young girls and boys differently
how does evolutionary theory help us understand the development of gender differences?
posits that developing gender differences helps attract the opposite gender and thus encourages mating
