Exam 2: Chapter 8 (Early Childhood and Biosocial Development Flashcards
what characterizes the early childhood (preschool age,, ages 2-6) changes to size and shape?
-general childhood growth
-differences and similarities between the sexes
-significant growth spurts
childhood growth from the ages of 2-6 is characterized by…
-change from chub to muscle and bone
-average weight gain of 4.5 pounds
-average height gain of 3 inches (per year)
how tall is, and how much does a 6 yo weigh?
45 lbs
42 inches tall
what are the differences and similarities between the sexes?
- boys are taller at birth
- during early childhood the sexes are proportionally the same
- maturation occurs earlier in girls
- girls weigh more initially
why do girls initially weigh more than boys?
in childhood especially society encourages girls to participate in more sedentary and calm activities as opposed to boys
what are the significant growth spurts in a childs life?
- infancy (0-2)
- adolescence
- in between
the in between growth spurts are slower and more continuous
important characteristics of neurological maturations and brain development in early childhood:
a. important ages
b. myelination
c. brain divided
what are the important ages for brain maturation and growth
Age 5- brain is at 90% of it’s adult weight
Age 7- brain is at 100% of its adult weight
-at age 7 very important cognitive and motor development occur
what is myelination?
brain growth and maturation that results in an increase in the speed of neurological signals and a decrease in interference
-helps: attention, focus, vision, and helps to screen out distractions
the brain is connected by the…
corpus callosum
the corpus callosum has its own growth spurt at age
5
what does the corpus callosum do?
coordinates both halves of the body
what is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for, and when does it have it’s growth spurt?
responsible for:
-language
-logic
-linear sequential thinking
has growth spurt at age 2
(sensorimotor pd)
what is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for, and when does it have it’s growth spurt?
responsibility:
-visual control & spatial tracking
-intuition and emotion
-creativity, imagination, and artistic ability
has growth spurt at age 4/5
how many words per fay can kids learn?
in the book :)
eye muscle coordination
involved in the “brain divided” concept
allows for visual tracking
pretty well underway by 5/6 years old (school time) which allows for improvement in visual tracking and hand eye coordination
what is the activity level of kids related to age progression? (emphasis on early childhood 2-6)
ages 2-3- the most active period of life
ages 3-6- more moderate activity
ages 6-9-lover activity
why does activity continue to fall off?
-school, kids become more sedentary and are less physically active q
what are the main contributors to avoidable injuries related to death (aka accidents)
-gender (boys get hurt more than girls)
-Socio-economic Status (lack of resources for prevention, divided attention)
-
rates of avoidable injuries decrease with…
age
the older kids get the more logic and reasoning they have to prevent the injuries themselves
what are the leading accidents/injuries resulting in death?
- motor vehicles
2.poisoning - drowning
why do kids often get injured with motor vehicles?
-lack of vehicle riding safety (correct carseats, kids riding in the front when they aren’t supposed to, etc.)
-children run into the road
-rise in technology (drivers are more distracted and get in more accidents)
why do kids often die/get injured through poisoning?
-kids explore the world through their mouth, so they put things in there, like pills, that they are not supposed to
-cleaners, Rxs, and tide pods are often not kept well enough away from kids (cabinets are unlocked or bottles are too easy to get into)
what was an impact of kids dying by drowning?
there is now legislation regarding fences and gates around pools
what impact the probability of avoidable injuries occurring?
- adult supervision and activities
-safety of play area
-child’s individual activity level - gender
-SES!!!!!!!
what are the two types of motor skills?
-gross motor skills
-fine motor skills
what are the improvements in gross motor skills during early childhood (2-6)
large body movement improve substantially
ex. running, jumping ,and throwing
how do you increase the development of gross motor skills in early childhood?
- observation and self discovery
- enhance learning through space an equipment
also encourage kids to help with day to day tasks, play physical games, and get out there and play with them!!!
what are the developments of fine motor skills during early childhood (2-6)
(hands & fingers)
- grasping and manipulation
- indication of good muscle control
- if lacking is a sign of the brain continuing to develop
- parents need to provide the tools necessary for development
physical play…
touches all 3 domains of development
(physical, cognitive, psychosocial)
discussion in your recording most likely
what are the 4 types of physical play?
- sensorimotor
- mastery play
- rough and tumble play
- sociodramatic play
sensorimotor play:
learning through the senses or motor abilities
ex.) playing in the sandbox, playdough, bath playtime, smelly markers
mastery play…
kids play to refine and reherse activities
ex.) sports, hitting a ball, shooting a basketball, riding a bike
rough and tumble play…
physically acting out in a playful manner
ex.) roughhousing, play wrestling, dad throwing the kid around
sociodramatic play…
pretend play
ex.) roleplay
what does child maltreatment consist of?
child neglect and abuse
what is the difference between abuse and neglect?
neglect is more physical whereas abuse is more physical, emotiona,l and sexual
incidents of maltreatment are reported
in 1/27 children
incidents of maltreatment are substantiated
in 1/80 children
what is the definition of child neglect?
acts of omission/faire to meet the needs of a child
ex.) nutritional needs, not getting a child immunized, etc
how is abuse defined in the state of KY
must leave a mark of cause extended pain
what is the definition of child abuse?
non accidental acts of commission and deliberate causes of harm
emotionally neglected children tend to be…
-withdrawn
-dependent
-psychological and behavioral problems later on:
what types of psychological and behavioral problems can emotionally neglected have later on?
-low self esteem
-depression
-anger
-poor self control
-negative feelings about others
-truancy
-increased risk of delinquency and antisocial behavior
child abuser correlates include…
-economically disadvantaged
-high stress in the home
-mental illness and substance abuse
-teen parents
-limited education
-often victims of abuse themselves
-social isolation
what are the personality factors of abusers?
-aggressive/short tempered
-demanding/lack of patience/authoritarian
-low self esteem/insecure
what are the affects of child abuse on children
(dependent on severity)
-distrustful
-withdrawn
-depressed
-low self esteem
-poor self control
-socially unacceptable behavior
-high levels of anger and aggression
what are the 4 types of physical play?
- sensorimotor- exploring the world using both motor skills and senses (playing with bath toys or smelly markers)
- mastery play- playing with the goal of mastering a skill (shooting a ball or hitting a ball)
- rough and tumble play- physically acing out play in an aggressive but playful manner
- sociodramatic play- pretend play (role play, fantasy play)
