Exam 2: Chapter 8 (book)

Question 1

key topics of the chapter:

Answer 1

growth during early childhood (brain, body, and motor skills) and how adults must protect it

accidents

Question 2

what are the dramatic changes in shape?

Answer 2

-children slim down
-lower body lengthens
-fat is replaced by muscle

Question 3

BMI at age 5/6

Answer 3

is the lowest it will be than any other time of life

Question 4

childrens center of gravity moves from breast to…which allows for…

Answer 4

belly, enables cartwheels, somersaults, dancing, gymnastics, and pumping legs on a swing

Question 5

by 6 the average child in an affluent nation is…

Answer 5

-at least 3.5 feet tall
-weighs between 40 and 50 lbs
-looks lean
-has adultlike body proportions (legs constitute half of the total height)

Question 6

what is the main nutritional problem for children

Answer 6

being overweight

Question 7

what is obesity defined as in children:

Answer 7

the heaviest 5% of children measured 50 years ago)

Question 8

childhood obesity increases…

Answer 8

-risk of early death
-heart disease
-diabetes
-strokes
-suicide
-depression

Question 9

preventing overweight…

Answer 9

-early childhood is the best time to prevent because eating habits are developed and often endure

-children in food insecure households often become overweight adults because they learn to eat whenever food is available and not when they are hungry

Question 10

main nutritional deficiencies:

Answer 10

-iron, zinc, and calcium

Question 11

what is the most immediate harm of sugar (other than obesity)

Answer 11

tooth decay before age 6

now kids in early childhood have to brush their teeth and see a dentist regularly

Question 12

what are the usual food allergy culprits?

Answer 12

-milk
-eggs
-peanuts
-tree nut
-soy
-wheat
-fish and shellfishw

Question 13

what percentage of children have a food allergy?

Answer 13

6-8%

Question 14

most neurons have connected to other neurons and substantial pruning has occurred by age

Answer 14

2

Question 15

what causes most of the increase in brain weight after infancy?

Answer 15

myelination

Question 16

the myelin allows…

Answer 16

for intense intellectual capability and allows humans to use multiple parts of their brain at once

Question 17

what is lateralization?

Answer 17

Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

Question 18

the entire human body is…

Answer 18

lateralized

Question 19

the corpus callosum connects both sides of the brain myelination…

Answer 19

uses millions of axons to link the left and right

Question 20

left handed people…

Answer 20

tend to have ticker and better myelinated corpus callosa

why? because they often can switch between the right and left sides of their body

Question 21

generally brain organization is simpler in…but…. may have an advantage in….

Answer 21

right handed people…left handed people…professions involving creativity and split second, emotional responses to logical dilemmas

Question 22

significant maturation of the…during early childhood is crucial

Answer 22

prefrontal cortex

Question 23

neurological control in “thought before action” advances significantly between ages 2-6.

Answer 23

-sleep becomes more regular
-emotions become more nuanced and responsive
-temper tantrums subside
-uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common

Question 24

what are the two ways neurons respond?

Answer 24

activate and inhibit

Question 25

impulse control

Answer 25

he ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior

lack of impulse control is normal in early childhood

Question 26

what does it mean to perseverate?

Answer 26

when young children stick to one thought or action

ie) play with one toy of hold onto one fantasy for hours

Question 27

Perseveration is a common characteristic in children with what disorder?

Answer 27

autism spectrum

Question 28

perseveration leads to…

Answer 28

procrastination

“not now, I am busy”

Question 29

for the development of all skills, a combination of x and y is needed

Answer 29

brain maturation and peer experience (watching someone demonstrate what they want to try/do)

Question 30

adults need to make sure children have a safe space to play with these three things…

Answer 30

1. time
2. appropriate equipment
3. playmates

Question 31

play in children is best for physical development when it is…

Answer 31

outside with other children

Question 32

there are gender differences in early childhood fine motor skills, true or false and why

Answer 32

true

1. girls mature faster than boys which is correlated with the development of fine motor skills
2. girls are pushed more towards activities that require fine motor skills like sewing or dressing barbie dolls

Question 33

what is the universal example for developing fine motor skills?

Answer 33

eating

children first prefer to eat with their hands, but the gradually learn how to use utensils of increasing difficulty (ie-spoon to chopstiks)

Question 34

four times as many young kids die of x than die of y

Answer 34

accidents…cancer

Question 35

what term should be used instead of accident prevention?

Answer 35

injury control

accident implies the injury is random and unpredictable, but injury control suggests that he impact can be minimized and somewhat controlled

Question 36

what are the three levels of prevention for health and safety issues?

Answer 36

1. primary prevention: considers the overall conditions that affect the likelihood of harm. (laws and customs)
2. secondary prevention: more targeted, averted hard in high risk situations or for vulnerable individuals
3. tertiary prevention: begins after an injury has occurred, limiting damage

Question 37

examples of the levels of prevention in terms of motor vehicle accidents

Answer 37

1. primary prevention: sidewalks, pedestrian overpasses, streetlights, traffic circles. Redesigned cars, improvement in driver competence, traffic reduction through mass transit, and better laws
2. secondary prevention: crossing guards, flashing lights on stopped school buses, salt on icy roads, warning signs before blind curves, speed bumps, walk/dont walk signs
3. tertiary prevention: laws against hit and run, speedy ambulances, er procedures, effective follow up care

Question 38

child car seats represent all three levels of prevention:

Answer 38

1. laws encouraging car seat usage
2. caregivers use them for children riding in cars
3. they provide protection after a crash

Question 39

other types of preventable injuries

Answer 39

-gun deaths
-environmental poisoning (lead, malnutrition, pollution)

Question 40

battered child syndrome

Answer 40

when a child is brought into the hospital and there is evidence of past bone breaks or burn patterns or scars

Question 41

ongoing maltreatment at home with no protector damages the…more than the….

Answer 41

mind….body

Question 42

what is child maltreatment?

Answer 42

refers to all intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18

includes child abuse and child neglect

Question 43

neglect is the…

Answer 43

most common and most frequently fatal form of child maltreatment.