Endocrine Flashcards
Starting superior list the organs of the endocrine system(9)
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Gonads
A hormone can only affect which type of cells
Target cells
Does the endocrine system use ducts?
No
Which is the master gland
Pituitary
Thyroid produces which hormones (2)
What are their affects
Thyroxine (t3 & t4)
Stimulates metabolism
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium
Pituitary hormone which helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.
Testicular growth in males helps produce a protein needed for creating and maintaining sperm
Folicile-stimulating hormone
This organ regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
What does insulin do
Glucogan
Insulin helps blood sugar enter the bodys cells, lowering blood sugar
Glucogan increases blood sugar
Which cells release Insulin
Which release glucagon
Beta cells release insulin
Alpha cells release glucagon
What structure is responsible for getting the nervous and endocrine system to work together?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus secrets these hormones
What are their functions
corticotrophin-releasing hormone,
growth hormone-releasing hormone,
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
somatostatin
dopamine
The anterior pituitary gland produces which hormones? (6)
Adrenocorticotropic: Stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones, Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Luteinising Hormone: Ovulation females & Androgen in Males
FSH (Folice Stimulting Hormone) Growth of Eggs & Sperm
Prolactin Produces Milk
Thyroid Stimulting Hormone
Luteinising Hormone & Follicle Stimulting Hormone are also known as
Gonadotropins
Releases Oxytocin & Vasopressin
Posterior Pituitary
This gland is concerned with metabolism and releases T³ & T⁴
Thyroid
This gland increases blood calcium levels by a hormone that shares its name
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
Which hormone raise blood calcium levels
Which lowers it
Where are each produced
Calcitrol proximal tubule KidneysRaises it
Parathyroid hormone Raises it
Calcitonin Thyroid gland Lowers it
Relases Cortisol & Aldosterone
What do Cortisol and Aldostrone do?
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol is the Stress Hormone and releases glucose into the blood.
Aldosterone regulates salt and water
Cortisol is a stress hormone what is its function
Where is it released from?
Increases blood sugar & Anti-inflammatory
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex serves what function
Regulates blood volume
Salt and water balance
Adrenal Medulla releases a class of hormones called:
Gives examples of these hormones
What do they do?
Catecholamines
Epinephrine aka Adrenaline
Norepinephrine
Fight or flight response
Gonads in females and males
Ovaries
Testies
Classes of hormones
Autocrine: functions where
Paracrine: functions where
Endocrine: functions where
At the cell that secrets them
Regionally: exp. Hypothalamus that affect the pituitary gland
Endocrine: Distance
3 types of Hormones are _______ , ________ , ______.
Where are these hormone receptors?
Protein / Polypeptide & Steroids (Lipids)
Protein has a receptor on the cell surface and requires a 2nd messanger
Steroids the receptor is inside where steriods can pass freely
Tyrosine Derivatives (Thyroid & Catecholamines)
HPA Axis hypothalamic-adrenal Axis is associated with what
Fight or flight
HPT hypothalamus-Pituitary-thyroid axis is associated with what?
Rest and digest
Which hormone of the posterior pituitary increases blood pressure by water retention
Vasopressin
Role of the thymus ( Immune System)
Site where Tcells mature
Chemcial signals are called
Ligands
Intracellular chemical signals go where?
Produced in one part of the cell “membrane” and travel to other part of the cell, cytoplasm or nucleus.
Intercellular chemical signals go where
Signals from cell to cell
Exp. Prostaglandin-like chemicals that are secreted in responses to inflammation.
Is an example of this kind of intercellular chemical signal
Autocrine:
These chemical signals are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type.
These chemical signals are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell
Autocrine chemical signals
These chemical signals are released by cells and have an effect on other cell type.
Paracrine Chemical signals
Exp. Somatostatin, secreted by the pancreas, inhibits the release of insulin by other cells in the pancreas.
Which type of interchemical signals is this.
Paracrine
These chemical signals are secreted by nerve cells and aid the nervous system.
Exp. Acetylcholine produced during stressful encounters.
Neurotransmitters
These interchemical signals are produced by women and can influence other womens menstrual cycle.
Pheromones
A chemical signal that binds to proteins or glycoproteins are called
Receptor molecules
2 major types of receptor molecules that respond to an intercellular chemical signal
Intracellular/ Membrane Bound
What is the name of the cell that can respond to a hormone
Target cells
This score is exemplary on the teas test
90.87 %
Blood glucose levels control insulin secretion is this type of regulation of hormone secretion
Blood levels of chemicals
3 types of Regulation of Hormone Secretion
Blood levels if chemicals, ie blood glucose controled by insulin
Hormones: pituitary gland releases hormones that act on gonads to release hormones.
Nervous system: epinephrine is released from the adrenal Medulla, Nervous system gets stimulation.
hormone in the duodenum stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.
Chloecytokinin
Where does testosterone bind to, which part of the cell?
Inside
The liver is endocrine, exocrine, or both?
Both
Concertation of hormones in the blood is regulated by
Positive and negative feed back loops
How do hormones in the endocrine system move throughout the body
Circulatory system
Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted in response to (increased/ decreased) blood plasma levels
Decreased (dehydration)
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Behind the thyroid
Which hormone regulates gene function and interacts with receptors inside cells
Thyroid
Antidiuretic hormone AKA ______ acts in the periphery to regulate water balance
vasopressin
Aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) causes an ______ in salt and water reabsorption into the bloodstream from the kidney thereby _______ the blood volume
Increase / increasing
Vasopressin (made in the Hypothalamus and secreted posterior pituitary) is capable of causing ________ and ______ blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction / increasing
The pancreas performs two main functions:
Exocrine function:
Endocrine function:
Exocine: Amalyse, Lipase, Protease
Endocrine: Insulin & Gulcogan
Posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via
Nerves
Anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via…
Blood vessels
The thyroid produces this that lowers blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
Lh to the ovaries produces what hormone? That has this physiological effect
Progesterone/ ovulation
Lh to the testies stimulates this cell to produce this hormone
Leydig –> testosterone
FSH to the ovaries produces this hormone and has this physiological effect
Estrogen/ developed the oocyte
FSH to the testies stimulate this cell to produce this hormone
Sertoli/ Androgen binding hormone
Two hormones need to produce sperm
Testosterone & ABH
These two hormones are involved in uterus preparation
Progesterone & estrogen
What is the expulsion of milk called?
Which hormone is involved
Let down
Oxytocin
Parathyroid hormone does what to calcium concentration
Increases it
3 hormones produces by the kidneys and their function
Renin: with Aldosterone Raises blood pressure
Erythropoitin: RBC production
Calcitrol: Raises blood calcium
The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via…
The posterior is connected via…
Anterior: blood vessels
Posterior: nerves
Thyrotropin RH
Corticotropin RH
Growth Hormone RH
Prolactin RH
Gonadotropin RH
Are all released from
Hypothalamus
T3 triiodothyronine & T4 thyroxine hormones are relased from this organ to affect development and cellular metabolism
Calcitonin is released also and has this affect.
Thyroid
Decrease calcium
Aldostrone does what to the amount of sodium in the blood
Increases it
Adrenal cortex releases…
Adrenal medulla releases…
Cortex: Aldostrone & Cortisol
Medulla: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Growth Hormone goes where
All over the body.
Affecting many cell types
Prolactin from the anterior pituitary stimulates
While, oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates
Milk production
Milk ejaculate ie. Let down
LH in the females stimulates
Progesterone & ovulation
FSH in females stimulates
Production of estrogen & Follicle Maturation
LH in Males produces this cell type
Which produces
Leydig
Testosterone
FSH in Males produces this cell type
Which produce
Sertoli cells
Androgen binding hormone
Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary has these 2 effects
Uterine contraction & Milk ejection
2 hormones from the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin & vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Melatonin from this gland in the endocrine system regulates sleep and wake cycle
Pineal
Which hormone in the thymus stimulates T cell maturation
Thymosin hormone
Naturetic peptides from the heart stimulates the kidneys to…
Secrete sodium in urine.
Decreasing Blood volume & Blood pressure
G cells from the pyloric antrum / duodenum & pancrea release this hormone ______ which does what
Gastrin
Stimulates the stomach to release HCL hydrochloric Acid
_______ & ______ are hormones produced in your small intestine.
Stimulates the Pancreas & Liver to secrete digestive enzymes and bile
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin
Adipose tissue secrets this hormone with this effect
Leptin
Suppresses appetite
These 3 hormones released from the kidneys have what affect
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitrol
Renin: increases blood pressure
Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production
Calcitrol: increases calcium reabsorption in the intestines
