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AP > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Starting superior list the organs of the endocrine system(9)

A

Pineal

Hypothalamus

Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

Parathyroid Gland

Thymus

Adrenal Gland

Pancreas

Gonads

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2
Q

A hormone can only affect which type of cells

A

Target cells

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3
Q

Does the endocrine system use ducts?

A

No

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4
Q

Which is the master gland

A

Pituitary

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5
Q

Thyroid produces which hormones (2)

What are their affects

A

Thyroxine (t3 & t4)

Stimulates metabolism

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium

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6
Q

Pituitary hormone which helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.

Testicular growth in males helps produce a protein needed for creating and maintaining sperm

A

Folicile-stimulating hormone

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7
Q

This organ regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

What does insulin do

Glucogan

A

Insulin helps blood sugar enter the bodys cells, lowering blood sugar

Glucogan increases blood sugar

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9
Q

Which cells release Insulin

Which release glucagon

A

Beta cells release insulin

Alpha cells release glucagon

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10
Q

What structure is responsible for getting the nervous and endocrine system to work together?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Hypothalamus secrets these hormones

What are their functions

A

corticotrophin-releasing hormone,
growth hormone-releasing hormone,
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
somatostatin
dopamine

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary gland produces which hormones? (6)

A

Adrenocorticotropic: Stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones, Cortisol

Growth Hormone

Luteinising Hormone: Ovulation females & Androgen in Males

FSH (Folice Stimulting Hormone) Growth of Eggs & Sperm

Prolactin Produces Milk

Thyroid Stimulting Hormone

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13
Q

Luteinising Hormone & Follicle Stimulting Hormone are also known as

A

Gonadotropins

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14
Q

Releases Oxytocin & Vasopressin

A

Posterior Pituitary

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15
Q

This gland is concerned with metabolism and releases T³ & T⁴

A

Thyroid

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16
Q

This gland increases blood calcium levels by a hormone that shares its name

A

Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

Which hormone raise blood calcium levels

Which lowers it

Where are each produced

A

Calcitrol proximal tubule KidneysRaises it
Parathyroid hormone Raises it

Calcitonin Thyroid gland Lowers it

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18
Q

Relases Cortisol & Aldosterone

What do Cortisol and Aldostrone do?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol is the Stress Hormone and releases glucose into the blood.

Aldosterone regulates salt and water

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19
Q

Cortisol is a stress hormone what is its function

Where is it released from?

A

Increases blood sugar & Anti-inflammatory

Adrenal Cortex

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20
Q

Aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex serves what function

A

Regulates blood volume

Salt and water balance

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21
Q

Adrenal Medulla releases a class of hormones called:

Gives examples of these hormones

What do they do?

A

Catecholamines

Epinephrine aka Adrenaline

Norepinephrine

Fight or flight response

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22
Q

Gonads in females and males

A

Ovaries

Testies

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23
Q

Classes of hormones

Autocrine: functions where

Paracrine: functions where

Endocrine: functions where

A

At the cell that secrets them

Regionally: exp. Hypothalamus that affect the pituitary gland

Endocrine: Distance

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24
Q

3 types of Hormones are _______ , ________ , ______.

Where are these hormone receptors?

A

Protein / Polypeptide & Steroids (Lipids)

Protein has a receptor on the cell surface and requires a 2nd messanger

Steroids the receptor is inside where steriods can pass freely

Tyrosine Derivatives (Thyroid & Catecholamines)

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25
Q

HPA Axis hypothalamic-adrenal Axis is associated with what

A

Fight or flight

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26
Q

HPT hypothalamus-Pituitary-thyroid axis is associated with what?

A

Rest and digest

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27
Q

Which hormone of the posterior pituitary increases blood pressure by water retention

A

Vasopressin

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28
Q

Role of the thymus ( Immune System)

A

Site where Tcells mature

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29
Q

Chemcial signals are called

A

Ligands

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30
Q

Intracellular chemical signals go where?

A

Produced in one part of the cell “membrane” and travel to other part of the cell, cytoplasm or nucleus.

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31
Q

Intercellular chemical signals go where

A

Signals from cell to cell

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32
Q

Exp. Prostaglandin-like chemicals that are secreted in responses to inflammation.

Is an example of this kind of intercellular chemical signal

A

Autocrine:

These chemical signals are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type.

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33
Q

These chemical signals are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell

A

Autocrine chemical signals

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34
Q

These chemical signals are released by cells and have an effect on other cell type.

A

Paracrine Chemical signals

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35
Q

Exp. Somatostatin, secreted by the pancreas, inhibits the release of insulin by other cells in the pancreas.

Which type of interchemical signals is this.

A

Paracrine

36
Q

These chemical signals are secreted by nerve cells and aid the nervous system.

Exp. Acetylcholine produced during stressful encounters.

A

Neurotransmitters

37
Q

These interchemical signals are produced by women and can influence other womens menstrual cycle.

A

Pheromones

38
Q

A chemical signal that binds to proteins or glycoproteins are called

A

Receptor molecules

39
Q

2 major types of receptor molecules that respond to an intercellular chemical signal

A

Intracellular/ Membrane Bound

40
Q

What is the name of the cell that can respond to a hormone

A

Target cells

41
Q

This score is exemplary on the teas test

A

90.87 %

42
Q

Blood glucose levels control insulin secretion is this type of regulation of hormone secretion

A

Blood levels of chemicals

43
Q

3 types of Regulation of Hormone Secretion

A

Blood levels if chemicals, ie blood glucose controled by insulin

Hormones: pituitary gland releases hormones that act on gonads to release hormones.

Nervous system: epinephrine is released from the adrenal Medulla, Nervous system gets stimulation.

44
Q

hormone in the duodenum stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.

A

Chloecytokinin

45
Q

Where does testosterone bind to, which part of the cell?

A

Inside

46
Q

The liver is endocrine, exocrine, or both?

A

Both

47
Q

Concertation of hormones in the blood is regulated by

A

Positive and negative feed back loops

48
Q

How do hormones in the endocrine system move throughout the body

A

Circulatory system

49
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted in response to (increased/ decreased) blood plasma levels

A

Decreased (dehydration)

50
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Behind the thyroid

51
Q

Which hormone regulates gene function and interacts with receptors inside cells

A

Thyroid

52
Q

Antidiuretic hormone AKA ______ acts in the periphery to regulate water balance

A

vasopressin

53
Q

Aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) causes an ______ in salt and water reabsorption into the bloodstream from the kidney thereby _______ the blood volume

A

Increase / increasing

54
Q

Vasopressin (made in the Hypothalamus and secreted posterior pituitary) is capable of causing ________ and ______ blood pressure.

A

Vasoconstriction / increasing

55
Q

The pancreas performs two main functions:
Exocrine function:
Endocrine function:

A

Exocine: Amalyse, Lipase, Protease
Endocrine: Insulin & Gulcogan

56
Q

Posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via

A

Nerves

57
Q

Anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via…

A

Blood vessels

58
Q

The thyroid produces this that lowers blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

59
Q

Lh to the ovaries produces what hormone? That has this physiological effect

A

Progesterone/ ovulation

60
Q

Lh to the testies stimulates this cell to produce this hormone

A

Leydig –> testosterone

61
Q

FSH to the ovaries produces this hormone and has this physiological effect

A

Estrogen/ developed the oocyte

62
Q

FSH to the testies stimulate this cell to produce this hormone

A

Sertoli/ Androgen binding hormone

63
Q

Two hormones need to produce sperm

A

Testosterone & ABH

64
Q

These two hormones are involved in uterus preparation

A

Progesterone & estrogen

65
Q

What is the expulsion of milk called?
Which hormone is involved

A

Let down
Oxytocin

66
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what to calcium concentration

A

Increases it

67
Q

3 hormones produces by the kidneys and their function

A

Renin: with Aldosterone Raises blood pressure

Erythropoitin: RBC production

Calcitrol: Raises blood calcium

68
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via…

The posterior is connected via…

A

Anterior: blood vessels

Posterior: nerves

69
Q

Thyrotropin RH
Corticotropin RH
Growth Hormone RH
Prolactin RH
Gonadotropin RH

Are all released from

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

T3 triiodothyronine & T4 thyroxine hormones are relased from this organ to affect development and cellular metabolism

Calcitonin is released also and has this affect.

A

Thyroid

Decrease calcium

71
Q

Aldostrone does what to the amount of sodium in the blood

A

Increases it

72
Q

Adrenal cortex releases…

Adrenal medulla releases…

A

Cortex: Aldostrone & Cortisol

Medulla: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

73
Q

Growth Hormone goes where

A

All over the body.

Affecting many cell types

74
Q

Prolactin from the anterior pituitary stimulates

While, oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates

A

Milk production

Milk ejaculate ie. Let down

75
Q

LH in the females stimulates

A

Progesterone & ovulation

76
Q

FSH in females stimulates

A

Production of estrogen & Follicle Maturation

77
Q

LH in Males produces this cell type

Which produces

A

Leydig

Testosterone

78
Q

FSH in Males produces this cell type

Which produce

A

Sertoli cells

Androgen binding hormone

79
Q

Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary has these 2 effects

A

Uterine contraction & Milk ejection

80
Q

2 hormones from the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin & vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

81
Q

Melatonin from this gland in the endocrine system regulates sleep and wake cycle

A

Pineal

82
Q

Which hormone in the thymus stimulates T cell maturation

A

Thymosin hormone

83
Q

Naturetic peptides from the heart stimulates the kidneys to…

A

Secrete sodium in urine.

Decreasing Blood volume & Blood pressure

84
Q

G cells from the pyloric antrum / duodenum & pancrea release this hormone ______ which does what

A

Gastrin

Stimulates the stomach to release HCL hydrochloric Acid

85
Q

_______ & ______ are hormones produced in your small intestine.

Stimulates the Pancreas & Liver to secrete digestive enzymes and bile

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Secretin

86
Q

Adipose tissue secrets this hormone with this effect

A

Leptin

Suppresses appetite

87
Q

These 3 hormones released from the kidneys have what affect

Renin

Erythropoietin

Calcitrol

A

Renin: increases blood pressure

Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production

Calcitrol: increases calcium reabsorption in the intestines

AP (37 decks)

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