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AP > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

Na

1
Q

What must happen to micronutrients before absorption?

A

Chemical & Mechanical Breakdown

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2
Q

5 stages of digestion / basic description

A

Ingestion: Eating

Digestion: Chemical & Mechanical breakdown of food into usable food

Absorption: Uptake of nutrients into epithelial cells , lymph, blood

Compaction: Absorbing water & consolidation indigestible material into feces

Defecation: Pooping

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3
Q

Where does Mechanical and chemical digestion Start?

A

Mouth:

Amalyse complex carbs and starch; Pancreas too

Lipase: lipids & fats activated in Pancreas

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4
Q

What nutrients don’t need digestion?

A

Vitamins, Amino Acids, Minerals, Cholesterol, Water

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5
Q

How long is Alimentary Canal

A

30Ft

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6
Q

What organs are involved in digestion in order.

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Small Intenstine

Large Intenstine

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7
Q

Valves & Sphincters of digestion

A

Lower Esophageal Spinchter ( Esophagus & Stomach)

Pyloric Spinchter: (Stomach & Duodem)

Ilioceal Valve: (ilium & S Intenstine)

Internal Rectal Spinchter: Smooth Muscle

External Rectal Spinchter: Skeletal Muscle

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8
Q

What substance do the accessory glands secret.

A

Liver: Bile
Pancrese: Amylase & Lipase

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9
Q

What does bile and Lipase digest?

Amylase?

A

Fat

Carbs

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10
Q

What does bile and Lipase digest?

Amylase?

A

Fat

Carbs

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11
Q

Tissue layers of the GI tract in order

Which is involved in peristaltic

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Musclaris Externa
Serosa

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12
Q

Which GI tract layer contains MALT?

From which layer do glands arise?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

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13
Q

Function of submucosal plexus and myentric plexus.

A

Submucosal: Glandular Secretions
Myenteric: Segmentation & Peristalsis

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14
Q

How many layers of the muscular extra in the GI tract?

A

2:
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

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15
Q

What additional layer of muscular externa does the stomach have?

A

Oblique

Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique layer

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16
Q

What’s the enteric nervous system and can it function independently of the CNS?

A

Nervous system of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine.

Yes

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17
Q

What’s the serious membrane of the digestive organs?

Where are the 2 layers found?

A

Peritoneal

Visceral: Lining
Paritial: Mesentaries

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18
Q

What is the lesser and greater omentum and their location?

A

Omentum is a serous membrane that keeps the digestive organs in place

Lesser: Ventral Mesentary that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Greater: Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach

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19
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

Tissue that attaches lips to gums

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20
Q

Uvula? Funciona?

A

Hanging ball; Helps retain food in the mouth until ready to swallow

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21
Q

What are deciduous teeth?

A

Baby teeth

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22
Q

Other name for 3rd molars

A

Wisdom teeth

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23
Q

What does it mean if teeth are impacted?

A

Stuck below the gum line

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24
Q

What is in the Saliva? (6)

A 
Amalyse
Lipase
Mucus
Lysozomes
Immunogloblins
Electrolytes
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25
Q

3 Salivary Glands; Location

A

Parotids; Anterior to Earlobes, Mumps
Submandibiliar; Duct Empties into lingual fernlum
Sublingual: Empty posterior to the papilla of the submandibliar duct

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26
Q

The ______ in the medulla oblongata and Pons respond to the presence o thought of food.

A

Salvitory Nuceli

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27
Q

Does the sympathetic o parasympathetic nervous system stimulate the digestive tract

A

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

How many muscles are involved in deglutition?

A

22

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29
Q

3 phases of deglutition?

A

Oral
Pharngeal
Esophageal

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30
Q

Which stage of deglutition is marked by peristalsis?

A

Esophegal

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31
Q

What is the volume of stomach when empty,full,extremely full?

A

50ml
1-1.5 l
4 l

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32
Q

Where is the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach located?

A

Lesser: Superior
Greater: Inferior

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33
Q

What is the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that innervate the stomach?

A

Para: Vagus
Sympathetic: Celiac Ganglia

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34
Q

Trunk name that supplies blood to the stomach?

A

Celiac

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35
Q

What vessel does the blood drained from stomach and intestines enter?

A

Hepatic Portal

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36
Q

What vessel does the blood drained from stomach and intestines enter.

A

Hepatic Portal

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37
Q

How much chime empties into the duodenum at a time?

A

3ML

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38
Q

What type of cells cover muscosa?

A

mucosa? Columnar Epithelial

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39
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Depression in gastric mucosa

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40
Q

What are the 5 cells of the gastric glands and their functions?

A

Regenerative: (Stem)

Parietal Hydrocloric: Acid & Gherlin

Chief Cells: (Most numerous/ secrete gastric Lipase & Pepsinogen)

Enternoendocrine: Cells secrete Hormones & Paracrine messengers that regulate digestion

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41
Q

How much gastric juice is secreted each day?

A

2-3 liters

42
Q

Composition of gastric juice

A

Water, hydronic acid, pepsin

43
Q

Hydrochloric acid activates ______ and ________ What are other functions of HCI

A

Pepsin & Lingual Lipase

Breaks up connective tissue

Converts Ferric ions to Ferrious ions

Destroys pathogens

44
Q

What vitamin is needed to synthesize hemoglobin?

A

B12

45
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Complete the first phase of digestion

46
Q

What happens to gastric motility if it is overfilled?

A

Inhibits gastric motility

47
Q

Where does nearly all of the absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

48
Q

What can the stomach absorb?

A

Aspirin & some alcohol

49
Q

What causes most ulcers and heartburn cases?

A

Heliobacter pylori

50
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric activity?

What is controlling each?

A

Cephalon phase: Stomach controlled by brain
Gastric phase: Stomach controlled by itself
Intestinal phase: Stomach controlled by the small intestine

51
Q

The presence of chyme in the duodenum causes the release of ______ and _______, which stimulates the Pancreas and gallbladder, but suppresses ________ secretion.

A

Secretin & Chloecystokinin

Gastric

52
Q

What is the GIP and what is its funcion?

A

Glucose-dependant Insulinotropic Peptide

Stimulates insulin secretion in preparation for processing nutrients by small intestine

53
Q

What is the largest gland of the body, with over 100 functions?

A

Liver

54
Q

The round ligament of the liver is remnants of _______

A

Umbilical vein

55
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

Absorb glucose, minerals, vitamins, modify and package up for delivery to cells

Remove and degrade toxins, hormones, & Drugs

56
Q

Between meals, hepatocytes Breakdown stored ________ and release it as _________ into the blood

A

Glycogen / Glucose

57
Q

All blood leaving the liver drains into the _______

A

Vena Cava

58
Q

Where is the ampulla of vater and sphincter of Odi located?

A

Ampula of Vater: End portion of the common bile duct

Sphincter of Odi: Pancreatic duct

59
Q

What is the function of bile?
What produces it?
What structure holds excess?
Is it excreted o stored mainly?

A

Carry away waste / Break down fats
Liver
Gallbladder
Stored 80%

60
Q

The endocrine cells of the Pancreas are called _______ and secrete _______; however the exorcine cells are called _______.

What is the Endocrine & Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets, Insulin & Glucongin

Ascini

Endocrine releases hormones which stabilize blood sugar

Exocrine releases pancreatic juices which help in digestion

61
Q

The Pancreas exorcine secretes bicarbonate which does?

What else does it secret?

A

Neutralizes hydrochloric acid

Pancreatic juice (water, enzymes, zygomens, bicarbonate)

62
Q

What 3 stimuli are responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

Know basic functions of each

A

Acetyolcholine: chief neurotransmitters of parasympathetic of the autonomic nervous system.

Chloecytoskinin: A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenum

Secretin: a hormone releases by the duodenum *esp in response to acidity, stimulate secretions by liver and pancreas

63
Q

The small intestine contain ______, _______,_______, that help to increase surface area

A

Circular fold ( Plicae ), Villi , microvilli

64
Q

Small intestine recieve most of its blood from the _________

A

Superior Mesernertic Artery

65
Q

What’s the function of the brush boarder enzymes?

A

Final stages of enzymatic digestion

66
Q

How does startch get broken down all the way into monosaccharides?

A

Oligiosacchrides, Disacchrides, Glucose

67
Q

What type of starch is indigestible?

A

Celluose

68
Q

Connective tissue function is determined by?

A

Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance

69
Q

4 types of connective tissues

A

Proper

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

70
Q

3 types of fibers found in connective tissues

A

Collagen

Elastic

Reticular

71
Q

The suffix “Blast” mean what?

What do these Blast cells do?

A

Immature cell

Secrete Ground Substances & Fibers that form an extra cellular Matrix

72
Q

Connective Tissue Proper can be divided into 2 types

A

Loose & Dense

73
Q

Name 3 types of Loose connective tissues.

What structural similarities do they have in common?

A

Areolar

Reticular

Adipose

They have fewer fibers, more Cells & Ground substances.

74
Q

3 types of Dense Tissues

A

Regular

Irregular

Elastic

75
Q

Dense Regular tissue makes up

A

Tendons & Ligaments

76
Q

3 types of Cartilage

Where they can be found in the body

A

Hyaline: Ribs attaching them to the sternum &
Tip of the nose

Elastic: Ears

Fibro: Between Vertebrae & Knee joints

77
Q

2 types of bones & their location

A

Spongy: Head of long bones & Inner layer of flat bones - Sternum

Compact: External layer of bones

78
Q

Find the Slope of the line passing through the points (4, -6) and (7,3)

What is the formula

A

X² - X¹

(4, -6) (7, 3)
X¹ Y¹ X² Y²

3 - (-6)
———- = 9/3 = 3
7 - (4)

79
Q

This process mixes chime with digestive juices in a back and forth movement

A

Segmentation

80
Q

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation, pushing in 1 direction

A

Peristalsis / Propulsion

81
Q

The______________ is a muscular valve responsible for controlling the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions through the ____________ into the second part of the duodenum

A

Sphincter of oddi

Ampulla of Vater

82
Q

What is Secretin’s main functions

Where does it come from

A

Secretin has 3 main functions:regulation of gastric acid, regulation of pancreatic bicarbonate, and osmoregulation

S cells in the small intestine

83
Q

What is Cholecytokinin?

Where is it released from

A

A hormone responsible for the break down of fats and proteins

Duodenum

84
Q

Food in the stomach causes the release of this hormone.

What does this hormone release and from which type of cells

What else does it do?

A

Gastrin

Causes the release of
Hydrochloric Acid from Parital Cells
Pesinogin (Inactive Pepsin) from Cheif Cells

Increases stomach motility (Movement)

85
Q

Intrinsic Factors are released by this cell and preform this function

How is it released?

A

Parietal cells

Absorption of B12

Hydrochloric Acid

86
Q

Why is the intrinsic Factor released by the Parital Cells important?

A

Intrinsic Factors help the body absorb vitamin B-12 ( Required for Red Blood Cell production)

87
Q

What 2 things do surface mucus cells secrete?

Why are these 2 things important?

A

Mucus with enzymes

Bicarbonate

Keeps the stomach from digesting itself

88
Q

What is Gherlin?

Where does it come from?

A

Hunger hormone

G cells

89
Q

Gastrin stimulates D Cells which releases __________

What is the affect of this hormone

A

Somatostatin

suppresses secretion of gastric acid and pepsin

Lowers the rate of gastric emptying,

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine

90
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal?

A

venous system thatreturns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver

91
Q

Absorptive cells of small intestine & colon

A

Enterocytes

92
Q

In an enterocyte nutrients are absorbed from the ______ side and exported from the ______ side

A

Apical

Basal

93
Q

Lymphatic channels in Villi

A

Lacteals

94
Q

Brush boarder enzymes are found where and made by what?

A

Small intestine

Enterocytes

95
Q

This type of cell in the small intestine secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

96
Q

Fungiform papillae are also known as

A

Taste buds

97
Q

These cells :

Form & Excrete Bile

Store glycogen & buffer blood glucose

Detoxify drugs and poisons

A

Hepatocytes

98
Q

These cells release hormones that affect digestion

A

Enteroendocrine

99
Q

These cells release Pepsin

A

Chief cells

100
Q

These cells aka Oxyntic release hydrochloride

A

Parietal cells

101
Q

Ganglia

A

A structure containing a number of nerve cells

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