Digestive Flashcards by Jade Ring

What must happen to micronutrients before absorption?

Chemical & Mechanical Breakdown

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5 stages of digestion / basic description

Ingestion: Eating

Digestion: Chemical & Mechanical breakdown of food into usable food

Absorption: Uptake of nutrients into epithelial cells , lymph, blood

Compaction: Absorbing water & consolidation indigestible material into feces

Defecation: Pooping

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Where does Mechanical and chemical digestion Start?

Mouth:

Amalyse complex carbs and starch; Pancreas too

Lipase: lipids & fats activated in Pancreas

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What nutrients don’t need digestion?

Vitamins, Amino Acids, Minerals, Cholesterol, Water

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How long is Alimentary Canal

30Ft

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What organs are involved in digestion in order.

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Small Intenstine

Large Intenstine

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Valves & Sphincters of digestion

Lower Esophageal Spinchter ( Esophagus & Stomach)

Pyloric Spinchter: (Stomach & Duodem)

Ilioceal Valve: (ilium & S Intenstine)

Internal Rectal Spinchter: Smooth Muscle

External Rectal Spinchter: Skeletal Muscle

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What substance do the accessory glands secret.

Liver: Bile
Pancrese: Amylase & Lipase

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What does bile and Lipase digest?

Amylase?

Fat

Carbs

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What does bile and Lipase digest?

Amylase?

Fat

Carbs

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Tissue layers of the GI tract in order

Which is involved in peristaltic

Mucosa
Submucosa
Musclaris Externa
Serosa

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Which GI tract layer contains MALT?

From which layer do glands arise?

Mucosa

Submucosa

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Function of submucosal plexus and myentric plexus.

Submucosal: Glandular Secretions
Myenteric: Segmentation & Peristalsis

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How many layers of the muscular extra in the GI tract?

2:
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

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What additional layer of muscular externa does the stomach have?

Oblique

Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique layer

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What’s the enteric nervous system and can it function independently of the CNS?

Nervous system of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine.

Yes

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What’s the serious membrane of the digestive organs?

Where are the 2 layers found?

Peritoneal

Visceral: Lining
Paritial: Mesentaries

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What is the lesser and greater omentum and their location?

Omentum is a serous membrane that keeps the digestive organs in place

Lesser: Ventral Mesentary that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Greater: Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach

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What is the labial frenulum?

Tissue that attaches lips to gums

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Uvula? Funciona?

Hanging ball; Helps retain food in the mouth until ready to swallow

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What are deciduous teeth?

Baby teeth

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Other name for 3rd molars

Wisdom teeth

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What does it mean if teeth are impacted?

Stuck below the gum line

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What is in the Saliva? (6)

Amalyse
Lipase
Mucus
Lysozomes
Immunogloblins
Electrolytes

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3 Salivary Glands; Location

Parotids; Anterior to Earlobes, Mumps Submandibiliar; Duct Empties into lingual fernlum Sublingual: Empty posterior to the papilla of the submandibliar duct

The ______ in the medulla oblongata and Pons respond to the presence o thought of food.

Salvitory Nuceli

Does the sympathetic o parasympathetic nervous system stimulate the digestive tract

Parasympathetic

How many muscles are involved in deglutition?

3 phases of deglutition?

Oral Pharngeal Esophageal

Which stage of deglutition is marked by peristalsis?

Esophegal

What is the volume of stomach when empty,full,extremely full?

50ml 1-1.5 l 4 l

Where is the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach located?

Lesser: Superior Greater: Inferior

What is the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that innervate the stomach?

Para: Vagus Sympathetic: Celiac Ganglia

Trunk name that supplies blood to the stomach?

Celiac

What vessel does the blood drained from stomach and intestines enter?

Hepatic Portal

What vessel does the blood drained from stomach and intestines enter.

Hepatic Portal

How much chime empties into the duodenum at a time?

3ML

What type of cells cover muscosa?

mucosa? Columnar Epithelial

What are gastric pits?

Depression in gastric mucosa

What are the 5 cells of the gastric glands and their functions?

Regenerative: (Stem) Parietal Hydrocloric: Acid & Gherlin Chief Cells: (Most numerous/ secrete gastric Lipase & Pepsinogen) Enternoendocrine: Cells secrete Hormones & Paracrine messengers that regulate digestion

How much gastric juice is secreted each day?

2-3 liters

Composition of gastric juice

Water, hydronic acid, pepsin

Hydrochloric acid activates ______ and ________ What are other functions of HCI

Pepsin & Lingual Lipase Breaks up connective tissue Converts Ferric ions to Ferrious ions Destroys pathogens

What vitamin is needed to synthesize hemoglobin?

B12

What is the function of the duodenum?

Complete the first phase of digestion

What happens to gastric motility if it is overfilled?

Inhibits gastric motility

Where does nearly all of the absorption take place?

Small intestine

What can the stomach absorb?

Aspirin & some alcohol

What causes most ulcers and heartburn cases?

Heliobacter pylori

What are the 3 phases of gastric activity? | What is controlling each?

Cephalon phase: Stomach controlled by brain Gastric phase: Stomach controlled by itself Intestinal phase: Stomach controlled by the small intestine

The presence of chyme in the duodenum causes the release of ______ and _______, which stimulates the Pancreas and gallbladder, but suppresses ________ secretion.

Secretin & Chloecystokinin Gastric

What is the GIP and what is its funcion?

Glucose-dependant Insulinotropic Peptide Stimulates insulin secretion in preparation for processing nutrients by small intestine

What is the largest gland of the body, with over 100 functions?

Liver

The round ligament of the liver is remnants of _______

Umbilical vein

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

Absorb glucose, minerals, vitamins, modify and package up for delivery to cells Remove and degrade toxins, hormones, & Drugs

Between meals, hepatocytes Breakdown stored ________ and release it as _________ into the blood

Glycogen / Glucose

All blood leaving the liver drains into the _______

Vena Cava

Where is the ampulla of vater and sphincter of Odi located?

Ampula of Vater: End portion of the common bile duct Sphincter of Odi: Pancreatic duct

What is the function of bile? What produces it? What structure holds excess? Is it excreted o stored mainly?

Carry away waste / Break down fats Liver Gallbladder Stored 80%

The endocrine cells of the Pancreas are called _______ and secrete _______; however the exorcine cells are called _______. What is the Endocrine & Exocrine function of the pancreas

Pancreatic Islets, Insulin & Glucongin Ascini Endocrine releases hormones which stabilize blood sugar Exocrine releases pancreatic juices which help in digestion

The Pancreas exorcine secretes bicarbonate which does? What else does it secret?

Neutralizes hydrochloric acid Pancreatic juice (water, enzymes, zygomens, bicarbonate)

What 3 stimuli are responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile? Know basic functions of each

Acetyolcholine: chief neurotransmitters of parasympathetic of the autonomic nervous system. Chloecytoskinin: A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenum Secretin: a hormone releases by the duodenum *esp in response to acidity, stimulate secretions by liver and pancreas

The small intestine contain ______, _______,_______, that help to increase surface area

Circular fold ( Plicae ), Villi , microvilli

Small intestine recieve most of its blood from the _________

Superior Mesernertic Artery

What's the function of the brush boarder enzymes?

Final stages of enzymatic digestion

How does startch get broken down all the way into monosaccharides?

Oligiosacchrides, Disacchrides, Glucose

What type of starch is indigestible?

Celluose

Connective tissue function is determined by?

Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance

4 types of connective tissues

Proper Cartilage Bone Blood

3 types of fibers found in connective tissues

Collagen Elastic Reticular

The suffix "Blast" mean what? What do these Blast cells do?

Immature cell Secrete Ground Substances & Fibers that form an extra cellular Matrix

Connective Tissue Proper can be divided into 2 types

Loose & Dense

Name 3 types of Loose connective tissues. What structural similarities do they have in common?

Areolar Reticular Adipose They have fewer fibers, more Cells & Ground substances.

3 types of Dense Tissues

Regular Irregular Elastic

Dense Regular tissue makes up

Tendons & Ligaments

3 types of Cartilage Where they can be found in the body

Hyaline: Ribs attaching them to the sternum & Tip of the nose Elastic: Ears Fibro: Between Vertebrae & Knee joints

2 types of bones & their location

Spongy: Head of long bones & Inner layer of flat bones - Sternum Compact: External layer of bones

Find the Slope of the line passing through the points (4, -6) and (7,3) What is the formula

Y² - Y¹ ---------- X² - X¹ (4, -6) (7, 3) X¹ Y¹ X² Y² 3 - (-6) ---------- = 9/3 = 3 7 - (4)

This process mixes chime with digestive juices in a back and forth movement

Segmentation

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation, pushing in 1 direction

Peristalsis / Propulsion

The______________ is a muscular valve responsible for controlling the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions through the ____________ into the second part of the duodenum

Sphincter of oddi Ampulla of Vater

What is Secretin's main functions Where does it come from

Secretin has 3 main functions: regulation of gastric acid, regulation of pancreatic bicarbonate, and osmoregulation S cells in the small intestine

What is Cholecytokinin? Where is it released from

A hormone responsible for the break down of fats and proteins Duodenum

Food in the stomach causes the release of this hormone. What does this hormone release and from which type of cells What else does it do?

Gastrin Causes the release of Hydrochloric Acid from Parital Cells Pesinogin (Inactive Pepsin) from Cheif Cells Increases stomach motility (Movement)

Intrinsic Factors are released by this cell and preform this function How is it released?

Parietal cells Absorption of B12 Hydrochloric Acid

Why is the intrinsic Factor released by the Parital Cells important?

Intrinsic Factors help the body absorb vitamin B-12 ( Required for Red Blood Cell production)

What 2 things do surface mucus cells secrete? Why are these 2 things important?

Mucus with enzymes Bicarbonate Keeps the stomach from digesting itself

What is Gherlin? Where does it come from?

Hunger hormone G cells

Gastrin stimulates D Cells which releases __________ What is the affect of this hormone

Somatostatin suppresses secretion of gastric acid and pepsin Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine

What is the function of the hepatic portal?

venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver

Absorptive cells of small intestine & colon

Enterocytes

In an enterocyte nutrients are absorbed from the ______ side and exported from the ______ side

Apical Basal

Lymphatic channels in Villi

Lacteals

Brush boarder enzymes are found where and made by what?

Small intestine Enterocytes

This type of cell in the small intestine secrete mucus

Goblet cells

Fungiform papillae are also known as

Taste buds

These cells : Form & Excrete Bile Store glycogen & buffer blood glucose Detoxify drugs and poisons

Hepatocytes

These cells release hormones that affect digestion

Enteroendocrine

These cells release Pepsin

Chief cells

These cells aka Oxyntic release hydrochloride

Parietal cells

Ganglia

A structure containing a number of nerve cells