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AP > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Blood cell production

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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3
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206

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4
Q

The two divisions of the skeleton are:

A

Axial (Skull, Vertebrates, Rib cage)

Appendicular(Everything Else)

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5
Q

4 shapes of bones

A
  1. Long bones ( Classic Dog Bone Shape)
  2. Short bones (Cube Shapped - Talus)
  3. Flat bones (Thin Sternum & Scapula)
  4. Irregular ( Vertebrate & Pelvis)
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of bone found within a bone?

A

Compact or Cortical

Spongy

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7
Q

What makes up spongy bones?

A

Trabeculae

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8
Q

Two types of bone marrow and their function

A

Red: hematopoiesis

Yellow: Stores Fat as energy

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9
Q

What is the bulb like projection at the end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphyses

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10
Q

What does the epiphyses contain?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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11
Q

What is the long middle portion of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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12
Q

What does the center of the diaphysis contain instead of spongy bone?

A

Medullary Cavity which contains Yellow Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Basic structural unit of bones

A

Osteon

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14
Q

What are osteons composed of ?

A

Lumellae

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15
Q

Which structure in the osteons contain blood vessels

A

Central Canals

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16
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain bone material

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17
Q

Where can you find the Osteocytes

A

In Lucunea

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18
Q

Osteocytes give directions to _______ (Bone making) and ________ (Bone Breaking) cells

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

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19
Q

What happens to the osteoclasts when they are done breaking down bone?

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

Non moving joints are called

(Based on Function)

Give example

A

Synarthroses

Cranium

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21
Q

Partly-moving joints
(Functional Classification)
Give example

A

Amphiarthroses

Where pubic bones meet to form the Pelvis

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22
Q

Fully moveable joints are called

Give example

A

Diarthroses

Knee

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23
Q

3 structural classification of joints

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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24
Q

Connect bones with dense fibrous tissue

Dont move

A

Fibrous joints

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25
Q

This Structural Classification of joints Dont move very much

A

Cartilaginous

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26
Q

These joints contain:

Bandlike ligaments

Joint cavity

Fibrous joint capsule

Lubricating fluid

A

Synovial joints

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27
Q

The top Vertebrate is called:

A

The atlas

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28
Q

Name the vertebrae from superior to inferior and their numbers

A

Cervical 1 - 7

Thoracic 8 - 19

Lumbar 20 - 25

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29
Q

How are the ribs classified/ named

A

True ribs 1 - 7

False ribs 8 - 12

Floating ribs 11 & 12

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30
Q

What bone is in the center of the rib cage?

A

Sternum

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31
Q

Functional classification of joints ( How they move )

A

Synarthroses (Non Moving)

Amphiarthroses (Partly-Moving)

Diarthrosew (Fully Moveable)

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32
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket

Condylar

Hinge

Pivot

Plane

Saddle

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33
Q

Bending movement that decreases the angle of joint

A

Flexion

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34
Q

Increasing the angle of a joint

A

Extension

35
Q

Increasing the angle of a joint beyond normal anatomical physiologically

A

Hyperextension

36
Q

Moving arms above head is an example of which type of movement

A

Abduction

37
Q

Moving arms back towards body is called

A

Adduction

38
Q

Palm facing forward is an example of:

Palm facing backward is an example of:

A

Supination

Pronation

39
Q

Plane joints allow which type of movement?

Give example

A

Gliding

Carpals and tarsals

40
Q

What attaches bones to bones

A

Ligaments

41
Q

What connects muscle to bones

A

Tendons

42
Q

Spongy bone aka

A

Cancellous bone

43
Q

Compact bone aka

A

Corticle

44
Q

Cortical or Cancellous bone which is made of osteons

A

Cortical

45
Q

Haversian canal is aka

A

Central canal

46
Q

Surronding the spongy bone is the periosteum which consists of blood vessels, nerves , and lymph vessels that nurish the bones.

              True or False
A

False

The periosteum surronds the Compact bone

47
Q

A 5th type of bones exists Sesamoid (small bone) an example of which is the Patella

              True or False
A

True

48
Q

What type of Cartilage covers the Epiphysis

A

Articular Cartilage

49
Q

______ is the process of bone formation that occurs first during embryonic development

A

Ossification

50
Q

2 minerals that primarily make up the bone

A

Calcium & Phosphorus

51
Q

Mature bones are constantly being broken down through a process called

A

Bone resorption

52
Q

Ossification is a bone-forming process that happens typically in childhood

                  True or False
A

True

53
Q

The Medullary Cavity Contains both Yellow & Red bone marrow

            True or False
A

True

Disregard all information that says otherwise

54
Q

Bone-reabsobing cells found on the surface of bone and used to disolve the bones

A

Osteoclasts

55
Q

How many bones do you have at birth?

450
150
99
270

A

270

56
Q

What is another name for the collar bone?

Carpal
Scapula
Xiphoid process
Clavicle

A

Clavicle

57
Q

What are the small bones that make up the wrist area called?

Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Carpals

A

Carpals

58
Q

What are the small bones that extend beyond the small bones in the wrist, and make up the lower portion of the hand?

Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Carpals

A

Metacarpals

59
Q

The top portion of the sternum is called:
Manubrium
Xiphoid process

What is the bottom portion called

A

Manubrium Top

Xiphoid process Bottom

60
Q

The shoulder blade bone is called

A

Scapula

61
Q

The large, triangual bone that begins below the lumbar vertebrae and wedges between the posterior of the pelvis is called the:

Coccyx
Pelvicular notch
Thoracic Vertebrae
Sacrum

A

Sacrum

62
Q

The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings of bone matrix called …

A

lamellae (little plates)

63
Q

Small channels (named) _____radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to provide passageways of Nutrients in and Waste out

A

Canaliculi

64
Q

Osteocytes are stationary cells that sit in depressions in the lamellae. These depressions are called __________.

lacunae
central canals
osteons

A

Lacunae

65
Q

Since osteocytes are stationary cells, they have to receive their nutrients via the __________.

lacunae

canaliculi

trabeculae

A

Canaliculi

66
Q

Which of the following is the growing line or growth zone or growth plate of the long bones?

epiphysis

diaphysis

metaphysis

A

Metaphysis

67
Q

The long bones of our body, such as the humerus and femur, are made of compact bone, periosteum, and endosteum. Which of the following represents those bone components in proper sequence going from internal to external?

endosteum, compact bone, periosteum

endosteum, periosteum, compact bone

periosteum, compact bone, periosteum

A

endosteum, compact bone, periosteum

68
Q

When a bone is broken, it must repair itself. The broken bone stimulates osteoblast cells to become osteocytes. Where are the osteoblast cells located?

in the bone marrow
in the periosteum
in the compact bone area

A

Periosteum

69
Q

Ligaments connect one bone to another and tendons connect a muscle to a bone. Ligaments and tendons connect to which part of bone material?

endosteum
epiphysis
periosteum

A

Periosteum

70
Q

Articular cartilage is found __________.

at the ends of the epiphysis
on the outside of the diaphysis
within the epiphyseal plate

A

At the end of the epiphysis

71
Q

______ is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed

A

Bone remodeling

72
Q

________ is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.

A

Bone resorption

73
Q

Bones can grow longer when the cartilage cells in the __________ begin to divide.
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal plate

74
Q

The new cartilage that undergoes division to ultimately be replaced by bone is found in which of the following areas?

epiphyseal plate nearest the diaphysis
epiphyseal plate nearest the epiphysis
center of the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal plate nearest the epiphysis

75
Q

Which of the following statements best describes how parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects the serum concentration of calcium.

PTH stimulates (osteoclasts/ osteoblasts) to (increase/ decrease) calcium level in serum

A

Osteoclasts / Increase

76
Q

What is the primary Glycogen storage in humans

A

Liver

77
Q

Which or both or neither are avascular

Bone/ cartilage

A

Cartilage

78
Q

Which or both or neither is Innervated (contains nerves)

Bones / Cartilage

A

Only bones

79
Q

Which of the following is the main organic component of bones

Collagen

Keratin

Elastin

Hydroxyapatite

A

Collagen

80
Q

Which type of cell produces osteoid, a combination of proteins that become mineralized to produce new bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

81
Q

Osteoporosis is a disease caused by the imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation that causes weakening of the bones. The medication ibandronate treats osteoporosis by slowing bone loss. If ibandronate is transported through the blood, how will it most directly reach bone tissue?

A

Through the haversian canal

82
Q

The following may or may not be steps included in the endochondral ossification of long bones:
I Ossification of the epiphyses
II Ossification of the diaphysis
III Intramembranous ossification
IV Formation of the epiphyseal plate
V Formation of a hyaline cartilage model

A

V - II - I - IV

83
Q

______ is the process of bone formation. This process begins between the sixth and seventh weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age twenty-five;

A

Bone ossification/ osteogenisis

AP (37 decks)

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