Emma2 Flashcards
male haemoglobin range
135-170
female haemoglobin range
120-160
RBC range
4-5x10^12/L
platelets range
150-400
WBC range
4-10
neutrophil range
1.5-7
lymphocytes range
1.5-4
monocytes range
0.2-0.8
eosinophils range
0.1-0.5
basophils range
0.01-0.1
function of reduced glutathione
scavenges and detoxifies reactive oxygen species
enzymopathy
disorder that results in missing or defective enzymes
thalassaemia
reduced or absent global chain production (alpha, beta, delta, gamma)
haemolysis
rupture and destruction of red blood cells
consequences of haemolysis
- endothelial activation
- promotion of inflammation
- coagulation activation
- dysregulation of vasomotor tone by vasodilator mediators
- vaso-occlusion
what analgesic should be avoided in sickle cell crisis
pethidine
hypochromic
red blood cells have less hemoglobin than normal
microcytic anaemia
presence of small, often hypochromic, red blood cells in a peripheral blood smear and is usually characterized by a low MCV (less than 83 micron 3)
most common cause of microcytic anaemia
low iron
normochromic anaemia
anaemia in which haemoglobin conc. in red blood cells is within normal range, but there is insufficient number of red blood cells
causes of normochromic anaemia
- aplastic
- post haemorrhagic
- haemolytic anaemias
- anaemias of chronic disease
macrocytic anaemia
unusually large red blood cells, which have a low conc of haemoglobin
investigation for hypochromic and microcytic anaemia
serum ferritin
investigation for normochromic and normocytic anaemia
reticulocyte count
investigation for microcytic anaemia
B12/ folate/ bone marrow
reticulocyte count
blood test that measures how fast red blood cells called reticulocytes are made by the bone marrow and released into the blood
what is a reticulocyte
immature red blood cells
function of ferroportin
transport iron from enterocytes and macrophages
function of transferrin
transports iron in the plasma
how is iron stored in the blood
ferritin
where is iron absorbed
duodenum
function of hepcidin
it is synthesised in hepatocytes in response to increase in iron levels and inflammation -> blocks ferroportin so reduces intestinal absorption and mobilisation from reticuloendothelial cells
what causes an increase in hepcidin
increase in iron levels
inflammation
what does positive DAGT indicate?
immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
what does negative DAGT indicate
non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
investigation for differentiating between immune/ non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
DAGT
DAGT result in non-immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
negative
DAGT result in immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
positive
haemolysing
red blood cells are rupturing
what is vit B12 bound to in portal circulation
transcobalamin II
potential causes of macrocytosis
- B12 deficiency
- folate deficiency
- alcohol
- drugs (methotrexate, antiretrovirals, hydroxycarbamide)
- disordered liver function
- hypothyroidism
- myelodysplasia
