elm 7.1

Question 1

convulsion

Answer 1

muscles contract and relax in a rapid cycle

Question 2

seizure

Answer 2

paroxysmal events that may involve motor, sensory systems and are related to consciousness - brain involvement

Question 3

epilepsy

Answer 3

recurrent, (unprovoked) seizures

Question 4

myoclonic seizures

Answer 4

involuntary twitching of muscle or muscle group

Question 5

clonic (clonus)

Answer 5

rhythmic muscle contractions

Question 6

tonic

Answer 6

a phase in which there is muscle contraction (inital rigidity)

Question 7

atonic

Answer 7

loss of muscle tone

Question 8

absense

Answer 8

a short lapse in consciousness

Question 9

ictal

Answer 9

pertaining to a seizure

Question 10

what kind of brain region epilepsies are there?

Answer 10

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital

Question 11

focus is what

Answer 11

a group of neurones generating high frequency activity

Question 12

what kind of ways can you diagnose epilepsy?

Answer 12

EEG
video EEG
CT/MRI scans
PET scans

Question 13

what you induce epilepsies and seizures in animals, what are the three methods?

Answer 13

genetic models
chemically induced modles
electrically induced models

Question 14

what are the three types of validity?

Answer 14

aetiological
pharmacological
face

Question 15

describe aetiological validity

Answer 15

about whether the cause of the disorder in the animal is the same as that in man - also known as construct validity

Question 16

describe pharmacological validity

Answer 16

known as predictive validity, is whether drugs work on the animal model in the same way as they do on human disease

Question 17

describe face validity

Answer 17

known as physiological validity, how closely the symptoms of the disorder in the animal mimics those in man

Question 18

genetic epilepsies - most of them occur due to mutations in ____ and receptors. ____ receptors, neuronal ____ and ___ channels are frequently involved

Answer 18

ion channels
GABAA
nAChR
VS

Question 19

autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is when seizures happen at _____. it is linked to mutations in neuronal ____, in the ___ and ___ subunits.

Answer 19

night
nAChr
alpha
beta

Question 20

nAChr regulates release of other ___ in CNS

Answer 20

neurotransmitters

Question 21

hyperekplexia is known as ____ syndrome, and the ____ is generally normal. it is to do with mutations in proteins associated with glycinergic transmission in the spinal cord - this involves glycine ______ subunits, glycine ______,_______ proteins

Answer 21

startle
EEG
receptor
transporters
cytoskeletal

Question 22

what are the three phases in classic epileptic seizures?

Answer 22

aura
tonic
clonic

Question 23

what happens in the aura phase of a seizure?

Answer 23

altered sensory perception
can be warning phase

Question 24

what happens in tonic phase

Answer 24

lose consciousness and muscles become rigid

Question 25

what happens in clonic stage

Answer 25

progress into convulsions and patient may suffer from incontinence - lasts several minutes

Question 26

juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a mutation in four genes, which?

Answer 26

GABBAR alpha subunit GABBAR delta subunit EFHC1 CACNB4 CLCN2

Question 27

gelastic seizure

Answer 27

laughing seizure

Question 28

status epilepticus

Answer 28

potentially fatal - single epileptic seizure that lasts longer than five minutes often there is underlying medical reason

Question 29

what is status epilepticus treated iwth

Answer 29

benzodiazepines - lorazepam, midazolam, diazepam

Question 30

if a seizure is not brought under control quickly, general anaesthetics such as what can be used

Answer 30

babiturates or propofol