elm 6.1/2

Question 1

the three main opiates from opium poppies are ___, ____ and ___

Answer 1

morphine
codeine
thebaine

Question 2

endogenous opioid cell bodies are mainly found in the _____, ___ and ___

Answer 2

rostral ventral medulla
PAG
spinal cord

Question 3

what are the opioid peptides

Answer 3

endorphins
enkephalins
dynorphins

Question 4

what are the traditional opioid receptors

Answer 4

mu
delta
kappa
others

Question 5

the subtypes of mu opioid receptors are ________. their mechanism of action is to open _____ channels and cause ______. they also ____ neuronal activity and ____ neurotransmitter release, and are responsible for most ____ effects

Answer 5

1,2,3
K+
hyperpolarization
reduce
inhibit
analgesic

Question 6

delta opioid receptors have __ subtypes, and act similarly to__ receptors.

Answer 6

2
Mu

Question 7

kappa opioid receptors have __ subtypes, and they reduce ___ channel activity. they also ____ neurotransmitter release and produce analgesia at the ____ level.

Answer 7

3
ca2+
inhibit
spinal

Question 8

endogenous opioids may be produced by _____ and/or ____ cells normally migrating to sites of injury

Answer 8

adrenal medulla
immune

Question 9

there are 3 groups of opioid compounds with clinical use:

Answer 9

agonists
antagonists
mixed action compoundsw

Question 10

what are some examples of agonist compounds

Answer 10

morphine, codeine

Question 11

what are some examples of antagonists

Answer 11

naloxone, naltrexone

Question 12

what are some examples of mixed action compounds

Answer 12

buprenorphine, pentazocine

Question 13

what are central morphine-like actions?

Answer 13

analgesia
sedation
cough suppression

Question 14

what are some peripheral morphine-like actions

Answer 14

reduction of inflammation
increased threshold for pain

Question 15

opioid agonists are better against ___ pain than ___ pain

Answer 15

dull
sharp

Question 16

opioid agonists vary in what (4)

Answer 16

analgesic efficacy
absorption / distribution
duration of effect
side effects

Question 17

fentanyl has a ___ onset, and its actions are similar to ____ - it is used in chronic ___ pain

Answer 17

rapid
morphine
cancer

Question 18

methadone has a much ____ duration of action and ____ withdrawal symptoms than morphine

Answer 18

longer
lessened

Question 19

buprenorphine is a what

Answer 19

partial mu agonist

Question 20

mixed action compounds provide some ___, with ____ abuse potential but also provides ___

Answer 20

analgesia
lower
dysphoria

Question 21

what is pentazocine used for

Answer 21

analgesic (now rare though) bc frequent use produces dependence

Question 22

what is tramadol used for?

Answer 22

analgesic for moderate to severe pain - dependence is becoming noticed

Question 23

what are some non-analgesic effects?

Answer 23

cough suppression
nausea / vomiting
tolerance and dependence

Question 24

cough suppression is at the cough centre in the ____, via _____ and ____ receptors. you ____ separate cough suppressant actions from analgesic ones

Answer 24

CNS
mu and delta
can

Question 25

morphine inhibits ____ production, and the system responds by increasing ___ expression (tolerance). if the system removes morphine, there is a spike of ___ production (dependence)

Answer 25

cAMP
AC
cAMP

Question 26

narcotic antagonists are synthesized by modification of structure of ______ and other agonists. usually this is by substitution of large groups on the __ atom at position ___ in morphine.

Answer 26

morphine
N
17

Question 27

naloxone is competitive antagonists at all ___ opioid receptors, but is most active at ___

Answer 27

3
mu

Question 28

naloxone given alone has _____ effect, and results in respiratory _____ in drug addicts.

Answer 28

little
depression

Question 29

naloxone given after agonist reverses all effects of ______, and reverses agonist actions of _______ and is used to treat ________.

Answer 29

full agonists
mixed action compounds
respiratory depression

Question 30

naloxone in dependent patients has __________ withdrawal syndrome, and is used to treat _________ in dependent patients

Answer 30

precipitate
overdose

Question 31

Which of the following drugs is a kappa agonist, but a mu antagonist?

a.	 Buprenorphine

b.	 Codeine

c.	 Naltrexone

d.	 Pentazocine

Answer 31

d