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DATB > elm 3.1 > Flashcards

elm 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what sex is more at risk for parkinson’s?

A

male

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2
Q

NSAID use can decrease risk of parkinson’s T or F

A

T

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3
Q

there is clear evidence for loss of _____ neurons from specific brain region (_____) in parkinson’s

A

dopaminergic
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)

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4
Q

substantia nigra is ____ in patients with parkinson’s

A

lost

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5
Q

another change in parkinson’s is the appearance of ____ - intracellular inclusions mostly consisting of protein _____

A

lewy bodies

alpha synuclein

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6
Q

what are some genes linked to PD?

A

SNCA
PRKN
PINK1
PARK7

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7
Q

what is SNCA important for?

A

synaptic function, DNA repair - major component of lewy bodies

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8
Q

what is PRKN important for?

A

proteasome and mitochondrial function

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9
Q

what is PINK1 important for?

A

mitochondrial function

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10
Q

what is PARK7 important for?

A

protects against oxidative stress

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11
Q

dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are very sensitive to ___ and are killed by a build up of ____ (a loss of these neurons leads to PD symptoms)

A

MPP
free radicals

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12
Q

what are the four cardinal features of PD that essentially define the disease?

A

bradykinesia
resting tremour
rigidity
postural instability

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13
Q

describe bradykinesia

A

slowed movement
loss of movement amplitude
reduced facial expression
reductions in writing size
repetitive actions

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14
Q

desribe resting tremour

A

often seen in hands but can develop elsewhere
pill roling tremour - early stages

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15
Q

describe rigidity

A

stiffness in limbs
lead pipe - smooth resistance to mvmt
cogwheel - ticking lilke second hand on clock

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16
Q

describe postural instability

A

loss of postural reflexes
develop a stooped posture as well
not primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons
leads to falls which are very serious

17
Q

the basal ganglia links ____ back to cerebral cortex through ____, with links to spinal output

A

cerebral cortex
thalamus

18
Q

hyperdirect pathway ____ mvmt

A

inhibits

19
Q

carbidopa and benserazide are examples of what?

A

peripheral inhibitors

20
Q

what do peripheral inhibitors do?

A

prevent peripheral side effects, can’t cross BB

21
Q

can tolcapone cross the BBB

A

yes

22
Q

what does tolcapone do

A

increases dopamine availability

23
Q

what does it mean that the effects w the drugs needed for parkinson’s could ‘wear off’

A

the dopamine buffer decreases as the disease progresses

24
Q

domperidone is a DA _____ but does / does not cross BBb

A

antagonist
does not

25
Q

domperidone can enter the _____ because the BBB is ______

A

chemoreceptor trigger zone
leaky there

26
Q

bromocriptine, pergolide, and apomorphine are examples of what

A

older dopamine agonists

27
Q

older dopamine agonists are ____ selective, and can be co-administered with _____

A

less
domperidone (does not cross BBB)

28
Q

pramipexole and ropinirole are ___ selective and more active at __ and __ receptors

A

more
D2
D3

29
Q

benztropine and procyclidine are mAChR _____

A

antagonists

30
Q

mAChR regulate __ at multiple points

A

BG

31
Q

amantadine ____ release of dopamine, but cannot be used on its own - it can be used as ____

A

increases
adult therapy

32
Q

deep brain stimulation has replaced ___

A

ablation therapy

33
Q

does DBS improve non-dopamine problems

A

no

34
Q

Which of the following drugs is NOT a first line treatment for Parkinson’s Disease?

a.	 Bromocriptine

b.	 Co-beneldopa

c.	 Rasagiline

d.	 Tolcapone
A

a

35
Q

Which of the following brain regions would be the best choice for deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson’s Disease?

a.	 Striatum

b.	 Substantia nigra

c.	 Subthalamic nucleus

d.	 Thalamus
A

c

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benztropine?

a.	 Dopamine agonist

b.	 COMT inhibitor

c.	 MAO B inhibitor

d.	 Muscarinic receptor antagonist
A

d

DATB (24 decks)

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