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RUSSIA > Economic and Social Developments > Flashcards

Economic and Social Developments Flashcards

1
Q

What was state capitalism known as?

A

a ‘halfway house’ between capitalism and socialism

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2
Q

When and what was the Decree on Land?

A

November 1917 - abolished private land ownership

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3
Q

When and what was the Decree on workers control?

A

November 1917 - gave workers greater control over running factories

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4
Q

When were the banks nationalised?

A

December 1917

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5
Q

When was state capitalism implemented?

A

1917-18

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6
Q

When and what was the Decree on Land?

A

February 1917 - Abolished private ownership on land

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7
Q

When and what was the Decree on Workers control?

A

November 1917 - Gave workers greater control over factories

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8
Q

When was the Nationalisation of the banks?

A

Dec 1917

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9
Q

When was War communism implemented?

A

June 1918-21

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10
Q

When did the Red Terror intensify?

A

September 1918

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11
Q

When did Compulsory grain requisitioning start?

A

Jan 1919

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12
Q

When was the Tambov Revolt?

A

August 1920

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13
Q

When did Industrial production decrease to 20%

A

December 1920

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14
Q

When was the NEP established?

A

1921 onwards

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15
Q

When was the Kronstadt rising?

A

March 1921

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16
Q

When was the final defeat of the Tambov revolt?

A

June 1921

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17
Q

What were some examples of state control?

A

nationalisation of Russia’s banks,
establishment of Vesenkha,
The establishment of GOELRO

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18
Q

What were the three main problems with state capitalism?

A

Many Bolsheviks didn’t want a ‘halfway house,’
Sharp drops in production after workers in control,
Peasants had control over grain price - state-controlled industries needed cheaper grain

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19
Q

What were the four main problems with conditions?

A

Falling industry production,
Fighting in countryside
Food shortages in cities
Disease and starvation

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20
Q

Why were factory supplies disrupted?

A

Workers left to join Red Army,

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21
Q

By how much did the urban proletariat population decline?

A

from 3.6 million to 1.4 million

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22
Q

Why did inflation rise?

A

drop in production, peasants stopped selling grain.

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23
Q

Why were important agricultural regions lost?

A

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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24
Q

What was a major reason for food shortages?

A

Peasant hoarding

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25
Q

What was the bread ration in Petrograd in early 1918?

A

50 grammes per person

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26
Q

How many people died of starvation and disease?

A

5 million

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27
Q

When was war communism introduced?

A

June 1918

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28
Q

What were the 3 key features of war communism?

A

Nationalisation,
Grain requisitioning,
Labour discipline and rationing

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29
Q

By when had businesses and factories been nationalised?

A

november 1920

30
Q

What was banned under nationalisation?

A

Private trade and manufacture

31
Q

What was set up in May 1918 to organise Grain requisitioning?

A

the Food Supplies Dictatorship

32
Q

What was a key feature of grain requisitioning due to opposition?

A

violent oppression through the Cheka

33
Q

Who lost all rights and freedoms by the 1917 Workers Control of Factories?

A

The Workers - Worker Soviets abolished

34
Q

how was strict discipline imposed on workers?

A

through fines for slackness, lateness and absenteeism

35
Q

What replaced wages?

A

ration-card books, factory workers got most - bourgeoisie the least

36
Q

Who were hit the worst in the countryside?

A

the Kulaks - had stock seized

37
Q

What was the percentage decrease of harvest yield 1921 compared to 1913?

A

48%

38
Q

What had Russia’s population decreased to?

A

170.9 million - 1913
130.9 million - 1921

39
Q

What was the % of industrial output compared to pre-war levels?

A

20%

40
Q

By how much had the population by decreased in Petrograd and Moscow compared to 1917?

A

57.5% - Petrograd
44.5% - Moscow

41
Q

Why did the party lack popular support?

A

Worsening conditions in cities and concern over policy

42
Q

What triggered the launch of the Red Terror?

A

The assassination attempt on Lenin in August 1918

43
Q

How did the Cheka respond to Lenin’s assassination attempt?

A

Round up Menshiviks, SRs, and other threats

44
Q

How many were executed after Lenin’s assassination attempt?

A

500,000

45
Q

Who else did the Red Terror target?

A

possible counter-revolutionaries - Bourgeoisie

46
Q

What was the Tambov revolt?

A

a series of peasant revolts, worst of which in the Tambov province.

47
Q

how many peasants rose up in August 1920 Tambov revolt?

A

70,000

48
Q

How many Red Army soldiers were used to crush the Tambov revolt?

A

100,000

49
Q

When was the Kronstadt rising?

A

March 1921

50
Q

How many Kronstadt sailors rebelled?

A

30,000

51
Q

How many rebels were imprisoned as a part of Kronstadt rising?

A

15,000

52
Q

Who set up the Workers Opposition group?

A

Shlyapnikov and Kollontai

53
Q

What did the Workers Opposition group oppose?

A

War Communism - thought it was becoming too authoritarian

54
Q

When was Gosplan established?

A

February 1921

55
Q

Where was the NEP introduced?

A

The Tenth Party Congress in March 1921

56
Q

Why did many Bolsheviks object to the NEP

A

it was an ideological step backwards

57
Q

What were the three main features of the NEP in the countryside?

A

Grain Requisitioning ended,
Ban on private trade ended,
Peasants could keep surplus produce,

58
Q

What were the three main features of the NEP in the cities?

A

State control of key large-scale industries, small-scale industries became private
Rationing ended
Industries had to pay workers out of profits

59
Q

How did private businesses respond to the NEP?

A

They reopened and grew quickly

60
Q

how did Agricultural production respond to the NEP?

A

Peasants grew more in order to earn more money

61
Q

Why did food prices drop?

A

So much food was grown - risked peasants hoarding grain again

62
Q

How was the ‘scissors crisis’ prevented?

A

Peasants’ quota became a money tax - peasants had to sell grain to pay tax

63
Q

Who were hated by the Bolsheviks, but helped the economy?

A

Nepmen - Private Traders

64
Q

What was the introduction of the NEP seen as by many bolsheviks?

A

seen as a retreat back to capitalism

65
Q

What was banned in 1921?

A

Ban on factions - could discuss policy but once finally decided disagreeing would mean expulsion

66
Q

Who were arrested on mass in 1921?

A

Menshiviks and SRs - been banned

67
Q

What was the Cheka renamed to in 1922?

A

GPU

68
Q

What was put under pressure by the GPU in 1922?

A

The Church - thousands of priests arrested

69
Q

What system was introduced in 1923 that made those that proved loyalty be approved for promotion?

A

nomenklatura

70
Q

What was nomenklatura?

A

a system where only those who showed complete loyalty to the Party would be considered for promotion

RUSSIA (24 decks)

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