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Microbiology 39 > Diseases Exam 4 > Flashcards

Diseases Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Causative Organism(s) for MARS Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Direct contact, indirect contact

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3
Q

Virulence Factors for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Coagulase, other enzymes, superantigens

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4
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

PCR, culture and Gram stain, coagulase and catalase tests, multitest systems, MSA

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5
Q

Prevention for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Hygiene practices

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6
Q

Treatment for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Clindamycin + TMP/SMZ; in Serious Threat category in CDC Antibiotic Resistance Report

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7
Q

EpidemiologyL for MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection

A

Community-associated MRSA infections most commonin children and young to middle-aged adultsIncidence increasing in communities (decreasing in hospitals)

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8
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Measles (Rubeola)

A

Measles virus

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9
Q

Most common modes of transmission for Measles (Rubeola)

A

Droplet contact

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10
Q

Virulence factors for Measles (Rubeola)

A

Syncytium formation, ability to suppress CMI

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11
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Measles (Rubeola)

A

ELISA for IgM, acute/convalescent IgG

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12
Q

Prevention for Measles (Rubeola)

A

Live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV)

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13
Q

Treatment Measles (Rubeola)

A

No antivirals; vitamin A, antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

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14
Q

Distinguishing Features of the Rashes Measles (Rubeola)

A

Starts on head, spreads to whole body, lasts over a week

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15
Q

Epidemiological features for measles (Rubeola)

A

Incidence increasing in North America; in developing countries incidence is 30 million cases/yr and 1million deaths

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16
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Rubella

A

Rubella virus

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17
Q

Most common modes of transmission for Rubella

A

Droplet contact

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18
Q

Virulence factors for Rubella

A

In fetuses; inhibition of mitosis, induction of apoptosis, and damage to vascular endothelium

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19
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Rubella

A

Acute IgM, acute/convalescent IgG

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20
Q

Prevention for Rubella

A

Live attenuated vaccine (MME or MMRV)

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21
Q

Treatment for Rubella

A

none

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22
Q

Distinguishing feature of the rashes for Rubella

A

Milder red rash, lasts approximately 3 days

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23
Q

Epidemiological features for Rubella

A

3 cases reported in United States in 2009; worldwide: 100,000 infants/yr born with congenital rubella syndrome

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24
Q

Causative organism(s) for Fifth Disease

A

Parvovirus B19

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25
Q

Most common modes of transmission for Fifths Disease

A

Droplet contact, direct contact

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26
Q

Virulence Factor for Fifth Disease

A

none

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27
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Fifth Disease

A

Usually diagnosed clinically

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28
Q

Prevention for Fifth Disease

A

none

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29
Q

Treatment for Fifth Disease

A

none

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30
Q

Distinguishing features of the rashes for Fifth Disease

A

“Slapped-face” rash first, spreads to limbs and trunk, tends to be confluent rather than distinct bumps

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31
Q

Epidemiological feature for Fifth Disease

A

60% of population seropositive by age 20

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32
Q

Causative organism(s) for Roseola

A

Human herpesvirus 6

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33
Q

Most common modes of transmission for Roseola

A

Unknown

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34
Q

Virulence factors for Roseola

A

Ability to remain latent

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35
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Roseola

A

Usually diagnosed clinically

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36
Q

Prevention for Roseola

A

none

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37
Q

Treatment for Roseola

A

none

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38
Q

Distinguishing features of the Rashes for Roseola

A

High fever precedes rash stage; rash not always present

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39
Q

Epidemiological feature for Roseola

A

> 90% seropositive, 90% of disease cases occur before age of 2

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40
Q 
Causative Organism(s) for	
Impetigo- S. aureus
A

Staphylococcus aureus

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41
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Direct contact, indirect contact

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42
Q

Virulence Factors for

Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Exfoliative toxin A, coagulase, other enzymes

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43
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Routinely based on clinical signs, when necessary, culture and Gram stain, coagulase and catalase tests, multitest systems, PCR

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44
Q

Prevention for Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Hygiene practices

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45
Q

Treatment for Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Topical mupirocin or retapamulin, oral dicloxacillin, cephalexin, or TMP-SMZ; (MRSA is in Serious Threat category in CDC Antibiotic Resistance Report)

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46
Q

Distinguishing Features for

Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Seen more often in older children, adults

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47
Q

Epidemiological Features for

Impetigo- S. aureus

A

Prevalence approximately 1% of children in North America

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48
Q

Causative Organism(s) forImpetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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49
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Impetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Direct contact, indirect contact

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50
Q

Virulence Factors for Impetigo-S. pyogenes

A

Streptokinase, plasminogen-binding ability, hyaluronidase, M protein

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51
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for

Impetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Routinely based on clinical signs, when necessary, culture and Gram stain, coagulase and catalase tests, multitest systems, PCR

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52
Q

Prevention for Impetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Hygiene practices

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53
Q

Treatment for Impetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Topical mupirocin or retapamulin

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54
Q

Distinguishing Features for Impetigo- S. pyogenes

A

Seen more often in newborns

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55
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Human herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster virus)

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56
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Droplet contact, inhalation of aerosolized lesion fluid

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57
Q

Virulence Factors for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Ability to fuse cells, ability to remain latent in ganglia

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58
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Based largely on clinical appearance

59
Q

Prevention for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Live attenuated vaccine; there is also vaccine to prevent reactivation of latent virus (shingles)

60
Q

Treatment for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

None in uncomplicated cases; acyclovir for high risk

61
Q

Distinguishing Features for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

No fever prodrome; lesions are superficial; in centripetal distribution (more in center of body)

62
Q

Epidemiological Features for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Chickenpox

A

Chickenpox: vaccine decreased hospital visits by 88%, ambulatory visits by 59%; shingles: 1 million cases annually

63
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Variola virus

64
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Droplet contact, indirect contact

65
Q

Virulence Factors for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Ability to dampen, avoid immune response

66
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Based largely on clinical appearance

67
Q

Prevention for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Live virus vaccine (vaccinia virus)

68
Q

Treatment for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Cidofovir, immune globulin

69
Q

Distinguishing Features for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Fever precedes rash, lesions are deep and in centrifugal distribution (more on extremities)

70
Q

Epidemiological Features for Vesicular/Pustular Rash Diseases- Smallpox

A

Last natural case worldwide was in 1977

71
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

72
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

73
Q

Virulence Factors for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Viral Conjunctivitis

74
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Gram stain and culture

75
Q

Prevention for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Screen mothers, apply antibiotic or silver nitrate to newborn eyes

76
Q

Treatment for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Topical and oral antibiotics; (antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae is in Urgent Threat category in CDC Antibiotic Resistance Report)
Gatifloxacin or levofloxacin ophthalmic solution

77
Q

Distinguishing Features for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

In babies <28 days old

78
Q

Epidemiological Features for Conjunctivitis- Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Less than 0.5% in developed world; higher incidence in developing world

79
Q 
Causative Organism(s) for Conjunctivitis-
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, and also Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis

80
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Direct, indirect contact

81
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Clinical diagnosis

82
Q

Prevention for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

83
Q

Treatment for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Gatifloxacin or levofloxacin ophthalmic solution

84
Q

Distinguishing Features for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Mucopurulent discharge

85
Q

Epidemiological Features for Conjunctivitis-

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

More common in children

86
Q 
Causative Organism(s) for Conjunctivitis-
Viral Conjunctivitis
A

Adenoviruses and others

87
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Direct, indirect contact

88
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Clinical diagnosis

89
Q

Prevention for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

90
Q

Treatment for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

None, although antibiotics often given because type of infection not distinguished

91
Q

Distinguishing Features for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Serous (clear) discharge

92
Q

Epidemiological Features for Conjunctivitis-

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

More common in adults

93
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

94
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Droplet contact

95
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease

96
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram stain/culture of CSF, blood, rapid antigenic tests, oxidase test

97
Q

Prevention for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Conjugated vaccine; ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or ceftriaxone used to protect contacts

98
Q

Treatment for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Ceftriaxone, aztreonam, chloramphenicol

99
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

Petechiae, meningococcemia rapid decline

100
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis-Neisseria meningitidis

A

United States: 0.9–1.5 cases per 100,000 annually; meningitis belt: 1,000 cases per 100,000 annually

101
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Droplet contact

102
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Capsule, induction of apoptosis, hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide production

103
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram stain/culture of CSF

104
Q

Prevention for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Two vaccines: PCV13 (children and adults), and PPSV23 (adults)

105
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Serious, acute, most common meningitis in adults

106
Q

Treatment for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Vancomycin + ceftriaxone; in “Serious Threat” category in CDC Antibiotic Resistance Report

107
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis- Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

U.S. incidence before vaccine for children: 7.7 hospitalizations per 100,000. After vaccine for children: 2.6 per 100,000

108
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Droplet contact

109
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

110
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Culture on chocolate agar

111
Q

Prevention for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Hib vaccine, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or ceftriaxone

112
Q

Treatment for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Ceftriaxone

113
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Serious, acute, less common since vaccine became available

114
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis-Haemophilus influenzae

A

Before vaccine, 300,000– 400,000 deaths worldwide per year

115
Q

Causative Organism(s) for Meningitis #2

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Virus
116
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Vehicle (food)

117
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Intracellular growth

118
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Cold enrichment, rapid methods

119
Q

Prevention for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Cooking food, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products

120
Q

Treatment for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Ampicillin, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole

121
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis-Listeria monocytogenes

A

Asymptomatic in healthy adults; meningitis in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised

122
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis- Listeria monocytogenes

A

Mortality can be as much as 33%

123
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Vehicle (air, dust)

124
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Capsule, melanin production

125
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Negative staining, biochemical tests, DNA probes, cryptococcal antigen test

126
Q

Prevention for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

127
Q

Treatment for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Amphotericin B and fluconazole

128
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Acute or chronic, most common in AIDS patients

129
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis–Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Incidence before AIDS: >1 case per million per year; 66 cases per year in pre-HAART era; worldwide: 1 million new cases per year

130
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Coccidioides immitis

A

Vehicle (air, dust, soil)

131
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Granuloma (spherule) formation

132
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Identification of spherules, cultivation on Sabouraud’s agar

133
Q

Prevention for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Avoiding airborne endospores

134
Q

Treatment for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Amphotericin B or oral or IV itraconazole

135
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Almost exclusively in endemic regions

136
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis- Coccidioides immitis

A

Incidence in endemic areas: 200–300 annually

137
Q

Most Common Modes of Transmission for Meningitis-Viruses

A

Droplet contact

138
Q

Virulence Factors for Meningitis-Viruses

A

Lytic infection of host cells

139
Q

Culture/Diagnosis for Meningitis-Viruses

A

Initially, absence of bacteria/fungi/ protozoa, followed by viral culture or antigen tests

140
Q

Prevention for Meningitis-Viruses

141
Q

Treatment for Meningitis-Viruses

A

Usually none (unless specific virus identified and specific antiviral exists)

142
Q

Distinctive Features for Meningitis-Viruses

A

Generally milder than bacterial or fungal

143
Q

Epidemiological Features for Meningitis-Viruses

A

In United States, 4 of 5 meningitis cases caused by viruses: 26,000– 42,000 hospitalizations/year

Microbiology 39 (77 decks)

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