Degenerative diseases of the central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Define dementia

A

A syndrome consisting of progressive impairment of multiple domains of cognitive function in an alert patient leading to loss of acquired skills and interference in occupational and social role

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2
Q

What is the age cut off between early and late onset dementia?

A

65

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3
Q

4 causes of late onset dementia

A

alzheimers
Lewy bodies
vascular
other

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4
Q

4 causes of early onset dementia

A

Alzheimers
frontotemporal
vascular
other

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5
Q

The “other” causes of dementia

A

infective eg HIV, CJD
inflammatory eg MS
Toxic eg alcohol
genetic eg huntingtons

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6
Q

List some treatable causes or mimics of dementia

A
infective eg HIV, syphilis 
Endocrine eg thyroid disease 
Vitamin deficiency eg B12 
hydrocephalus 
tumour 
depression
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7
Q

What is important in a history taking with suspected dementia?

A

rate of progression, onset, defecit type, risk factors, FH

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8
Q

Examination of dementia

A

vascular, neurological, cognitive function

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9
Q

Investigations of suspected dementia

A

routine eg bloods, CT/MRI

others eg CSF, EEG, biopsy, functional imaging and genetics

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10
Q

List some domains of cognitive function to examine

A

memory, attention, agnosias, apraxias, visuospatial, behavioural, executive function

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11
Q

Screening tests for dementia

A

MMSE, montreal MOCA

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12
Q

Clues of progression of dementia - rapid? stepwise?

A

rapid - CJD

stepwise - vascular

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13
Q

Other neurological signs clues with dementia - abnormal movements? parkinsonism? myoclonus?

A

huntingtons
lewy bodies
CJD

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14
Q

Mean age onset of parkinsonism

A

70

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15
Q

Does tempero-parietal or fronto-temporal dementia show an early change in personality/behaviour?

A

fronto-temporal

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16
Q

Non pharmacological symptomatic treatment of dementia

A

support and information
dementia services
OT, social work, respite, placement
voluntary organisations

17
Q

Pharmacological treatment of symptoms of dementia

A

insomnia
depression
behaviour

18
Q

Specific treatment for alzheimers with or without lewy body dementia

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

NMDA antagonist

19
Q

Define parkinsonism

A

A clinical syndrome consisting of 2 or more of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and postural instability

20
Q

What chemical is lost in parkinson’s and why?

A

dopamine

basal ganglia

21
Q

List some causes of parkinsons

A

idiopathic - dementia with lewy bodies
drug induced eg dopamine antagonists
vascular
progressive supranuclear palsy

22
Q

Are men or women more likely to get parkinsons?

A

men - 1.5 times

23
Q

Prognosis of parkinsons?

A

60-90% disabled or dead at 10 years

24
Q

2 things to support a parkinsons diagnosis

A

asymmetry of tremor

good response to treatment

25
Q

Functional imaging of parkinsons

A

dopamine transporter SPECT

26
Q

List some treatments of parkinsons

A

dopamine agonist
MAO-B inhibitor
COMT inhibitor

27
Q

Drug induced complications with parkinsons

A

motor fluctuations
dyskinesias
psychiatric

28
Q

Non drug induced complications of parkinsons

A
depression 
dementia 
autonomic eg BP, bladder and bowel 
speech, swallow 
balance
29
Q

Late treatments of Parkinson’s (and aim)

A
prolong levodopa half life 
slow release levodopa 
COMP inhibitor 
MOA-B inhibitor 
oral dopamine agonist 
functional neurosurgery 
allied health professionals