CSF, hydrocephalus and lumbar puncture Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

General condition whereby there is excess CSF in the intracranial space and specifically, interventricular spaces within the brain causing dilation of ventricles and a wide range of symptoms

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2
Q

What ventricles is the majority of CSF produced and by which structure?

A

lateral, 3rd, 4th

choroid plexus

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3
Q

Briefly describe CSF production

A

metabolically active

sodium pumped into subarachnoid space and water follows

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4
Q

How much on average does an adult brain make of CSF per day?

A

450-600 cc’s

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5
Q

At any moment how much CSF is present and with how much being in the ventricles?

A

150cc

25cc

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6
Q

CSF pathway

A

lateral ventricle - foramen of munro - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle - foramina of Luschka or foramen of Magendie - subarachnoid space - over and around brain and spinal cord - arachnoid granulations

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7
Q

Where are the arachnoid granulations found?

A

Along dural venous sinuses

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8
Q

Is CSF resorption active or passive and what does it rely on?

A

passive

pressure

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9
Q

Difference between communicating and non communicating hydrocephalus

A

Non communicating - obstruction in CSF pathway

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10
Q

What is the main problem in communicating hydrocephalus?

A

CSF resorption

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11
Q

What happens to the ventricular system and ICP in CoH?

A

dilates

increases

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12
Q

Signs in children with CoH

A

failure to thrive, head disproportionate to body

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13
Q

Signs/symptoms in adults with CoH

A

headache, papilloedema, gait disturbance, 6th nerve palsy , upgaze difficulty

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14
Q

Causes of CoH

A

infection - bacterial meningitis
subarachnoid haemorrhage
post-operative, head trauma

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15
Q

Causes of NCoH

A
aqueductal stenosis 
tumours/cysts/cancers/masses
infection 
haemorrhage/haematoma
congenital malformations/conditions
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16
Q

3 findings on radiography with hydrocephalus

A

Dilation of temporal horn of lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle balloons
peripheral sulci wiped out

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17
Q

What is Evan’s ratio used for?

A

ventriculomegaly

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18
Q

Main treatment method for hydrocephalus ie medical or surgical?

A

surgical

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19
Q

What does acute hydrocephalus require for treatment?

A

EVD - external ventricular drain

20
Q

What is usually required after an EDV?

A

permanent shunt

21
Q

Main treatment for CoH

A

shunt placement

22
Q

Main treatment for NCoH

A

remove obstruction

23
Q

What is 3rd ventriculostomy and what type of hydrocephalus can it be used in?

A

hole between 3rd and 4th ventricle

NCoH

24
Q

Why do VP shunts fail?

A

infection, over/under drainage, occlusion, skin erosion

25
Q

Why is normal pressure hydrocephalus important?

A

Rare and preventable/reversible cause of dementia

26
Q

Classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

wet - incontinence
wobbly - gait disturbance
whacky - progressive dementia

27
Q

How does normal pressure hydrocephalus appear in scans?

A

CoH

28
Q

Investigations of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

MMSE
gait assessment
Lumbar puncture

29
Q

Treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus - why is a LP shunt not used?

A

programmable VP shunt

tend to overdrain

30
Q

Most likely symptoms to improve in normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

gait - incontinence - memory

31
Q

Indications for lumbar puncture

A

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis
malignancy
subarachnoid haemorrhage
infusion of drugs/contrasts ETC

32
Q

Some contraindications of lumbar puncture

A
unstable patient with CVS and resp instability 
localised infection over puncture site 
unstable bleeding disorder 
Raised ICP 
CT to rule out cerebral mass
33
Q

List some equipment needed for a lumbar puncture (do not need to be specific)

A
anaesthetic eg topical, lidocaine 
drapes, gauze and bandages 
sponge wand and sterile solution 
manometer, stopcock and tubing 
spinal needle
34
Q

How do you avoid hitting blood vessels on lumbar puncture?

A

stylet pointing up

35
Q

What is manometry used for in lumbar puncture?

A

measure pressure (opening pressure)

36
Q

Volume of CSF collected and what 3 vials samples?

A

1ml

culture and gram stain, glucose and protein, cell count

37
Q

What position is an infant put in for lumbar puncture and what is the disadvantage?

A

seated

cannot measure pressure accurately

38
Q

2 reasons for paramedian/lateral approach in lumbar puncture

A

calcifications from previous lumbar punctures

anatomic abnormalities

39
Q

Complications of lumbar puncture

A

headache, apnea, bac pain, nerve trauma, brainstem herniation, bleeding, infection, cyst

40
Q

Most common complication of lumbar puncture and groups most commonly affected

A

headache

female, 18-30, low BMI, history of headache

41
Q

Prevention methods of headache post lumbar puncture

A

use small diameter needle

pass needle parallel to longitudinal nerve fibres

42
Q

What does nerve root trauma feel like and how is it investigated+treated

A

electric shock

CSC, EMG

43
Q

How would herniation during lumbar puncture present?

A

altered mental status, cranial nerve abnormalities

44
Q

How is herniation mid lumbar puncture treated?

A

remove needle, elevate bed, mannitol and intubate

surgery

45
Q

What causes an epidermal inclusion cyst

A

skin driven into spinal space

46
Q

If lumbar puncture fails what are some alternatives?

A

image guided
ask colleague eg anaesthetics, neurology
cisterna magna tap