CSF, hydrocephalus and lumbar puncture Flashcards
What is hydrocephalus?
General condition whereby there is excess CSF in the intracranial space and specifically, interventricular spaces within the brain causing dilation of ventricles and a wide range of symptoms
What ventricles is the majority of CSF produced and by which structure?
lateral, 3rd, 4th
choroid plexus
Briefly describe CSF production
metabolically active
sodium pumped into subarachnoid space and water follows
How much on average does an adult brain make of CSF per day?
450-600 cc’s
At any moment how much CSF is present and with how much being in the ventricles?
150cc
25cc
CSF pathway
lateral ventricle - foramen of munro - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle - foramina of Luschka or foramen of Magendie - subarachnoid space - over and around brain and spinal cord - arachnoid granulations
Where are the arachnoid granulations found?
Along dural venous sinuses
Is CSF resorption active or passive and what does it rely on?
passive
pressure
Difference between communicating and non communicating hydrocephalus
Non communicating - obstruction in CSF pathway
What is the main problem in communicating hydrocephalus?
CSF resorption
What happens to the ventricular system and ICP in CoH?
dilates
increases
Signs in children with CoH
failure to thrive, head disproportionate to body
Signs/symptoms in adults with CoH
headache, papilloedema, gait disturbance, 6th nerve palsy , upgaze difficulty
Causes of CoH
infection - bacterial meningitis
subarachnoid haemorrhage
post-operative, head trauma
Causes of NCoH
aqueductal stenosis tumours/cysts/cancers/masses infection haemorrhage/haematoma congenital malformations/conditions
3 findings on radiography with hydrocephalus
Dilation of temporal horn of lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle balloons
peripheral sulci wiped out
What is Evan’s ratio used for?
ventriculomegaly
Main treatment method for hydrocephalus ie medical or surgical?
surgical