Cerebral hemispheres Flashcards
What are the dips, elevations and larger dips of the brain called?
sulci, gyrus and fissures
Is the grey or white matter on the surface of the brain?
grey
What are basal ganglia?
collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in white matter
What does the median longitudinal fissures separate?
the 2 hemispheres
What is the corpus callosum?
bridge between the 2 hemispheres which helps with communication
What type of fibres are found in the corpus callosum?
commissural
What is the fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum?
transverse fissure
4 lobes of the brain
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
What 2 lobes does the lateral sulcus separate?
frontal and temporal
What lobes do the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal
How are the parietal and occipital lobes separated?
on the medial surface by the parieto-occipital sulcus
What system is the hippocampus a part of?
limbic
Insula
part of cerebral cortex folded deep within lateral sulcus
Generally is the front or back of the brain sensory?
sensory at the back of the brain and motor infront
What is the medial part of the brain concerned with - what is this system called?
limbic system - storage and retrieval of processes memories
Name the 4 lobes and their main functions
frontal - motor function and intellect
parietal - somatosensory eg general sensory
temporal - smell and hearing
occipital - visual
What is the job of association areas of the brain?
make sense of the incoming information
What area is in the precentral gyrus - number and function
4 - primary motor cortex
What is area 44,45 known as and where is it located?
inferior central gyrus - brocas area for motor speech
What are some functions of the prefrontal cortex?
cognitive functions of higher order eg intellect, judgement, prediction and planning
What is a motor and sensory homunculus?
used to demonstrate the precentral and postcentral gyrus - areas of body with how much of cortex is associated - nothing to do with size all about how much fine tuning is required
Post central gyrus - numbers and functions
3,1,2 - primary sensory area
What area of the parietal lobe is the sensory association area?
superior parietal lobule
Function of inferior parietal lobule
global association area - close to visual and auditory areas
contributes to language in dominant hemisphere
What can a parietal lobe lesion lead to?
hemisensory neglect
Primary auditory cortex - numbers and where is it found
41,42 - superior temporal gyrus
What hemisphere is Wernicke’s area only found in and what is its function?
dominant hemisphere - make sense of language
What is the inferior surface of the temporal lobe concerned with?
smell - fibres from olfactory tract
Area 17 of occipital lobe is..
primary visual cortex
Area 18 and 19 of occipital lobe is..
visual association areas
Limbic lobe - function and location
emotion and memory
medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres
4 components making up the limbic system
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
amygdala
brocas and wernickes area
brocas = motor speech area Wernicke's = auditory association area used to recognise words found in dominant hemisphere
Aphasia definition
problem with speech due to damage to 1 or more speech areas
Broca’s aphasia
loss of small words, recognises problems, paralysis of same side of body, understands speech, frontal lobe damage
Wernicke’s aphasia
a lot of words used out of context - fancy speech
does not recognise problem, no paralysis, temporal lobe damage
3 types of white matter tracts
commissural
association
projection
Commissural fibres
connect the 2 hemispheres - corpus callosum
Association fibres
connect parts of the same hemisphere and can be short or long
projection fibres
between cortex and subcortical centres
internal capsule
Where is the internal capsule found?
between thalamus and caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Blood supply of the internal capsule and the clinical significance
Branches of middle cerebral artery
commonly affected by stroke
name the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putramen, substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei
What forms the lentiform nucleus?
globus pallidus and putamen
Where is the substantia nigra found?
midbrain
Main function of basal ganglia
the termination and initiation of movements
Give an example of a disease which may be concerned with pathology of basal ganglia?
parkinsons
What basal ganglia are regarded as input nuclei and where are the inputs from?
caudate nucleus and putamen from thalamus, motor cortex and premotor cortex
What basal ganglia are the output regions?
globus pallidus and substantia nigra