Common conditions of the eye

Question 1

What is nuclear sclerosis?

Answer 1

lens opacification and thickening related to age meaning you see more of the red spectrum

Question 2

How would you confirm a blow out fracture?

Answer 2

history, CT

Question 3

Bony orbit fractures can often lead to what?

Answer 3

herniation of contents into surrounding sinuses

Question 4

What is transmitted through the infraorbital foramen and how can the function of this be tested?

Answer 4

infraorbital nerve

sensation to the face

Question 5

What nerve is the infraorbital nerve originating from?

Answer 5

maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve - CN V2

Question 6

When can orbital fat be increased?

Answer 6

thyroid disease

Question 7

Describe the difference of eye appearance in normal and thyroid eye disease

Answer 7

thyroid - blood vessels seen, entire iris visible as usually upper eyelid is 1-2mm below corneoscleral junction and bottom eyelid level with this junction

Question 8

Cavernous sinus thrombosis - brief description of how it happens

Answer 8

infection from nose, sinus, ears or teeth which spreads via emissary veins to the cavernous sinus

Question 9

Coloboma

Answer 9

hole in one of the structures in the eye

Question 10

Coloboma - due to an anomaly in what?

Answer 10

choroidal fissure fusion

Question 11

briefly explain retinal detachment

Answer 11

eg trauma can cause a retinal tear, vitreoud humor liquefies and pushes through this to detach the retina

Question 12

conjunctivitis - why no eye sight loss?

Answer 12

cornea unaffected as the conjunctiva does not cover this

Question 13

treatment of conjunctivitis

Answer 13

antibiotic eye drops

Question 14

signs of conjunctivitis

Answer 14

red, watery eyes with or without discharge

Question 15

nerve cause of ptosis

Answer 15

LPS supplied by oculomotor nerve

Question 16

nerve cause of inability to close the eye

Answer 16

orbicularis occuli - facial nerve

Question 17

what is a hordeolum?

Answer 17

stye

Question 18

What glands are blocked in external and internal styes?

Answer 18

external - sebaceous eyelash glands

internal - Meibomian glands in tarsal plate

Question 19

Inflammatory pathologies of cornea

Answer 19

corneal ulcers

Question 20

Non inflammatory pathologies of cornea

Answer 20

dystrophies

Question 21

If the cornea is opacified what surgery has to be undertaken?

Answer 21

keratoplasty - corneal transplant

Question 22

Give one example of infectious and non infectious corneal ulcers

Answer 22

viral

trauma

Question 23

Corneal dystrophies

Answer 23

40 year olds, bilateral, lipids, opacifying and decrease vision

Question 24

Why do cataracts develop?

Answer 24

older fibres never shet and compact in the middle

harmful UV rays damage lens and lens fibres damaged with proteins denatured - opaque - cataract

Question 25

Glaucoma

Answer 25

Raised intraocular pressure

Question 26

What does glaucoma usually do to vision?

Answer 26

reduced visual fields

ultimately blindness due to nerve fibres damaged

Question 27

triad of glaucoma signs

Answer 27

raised IOP
optic disc changes in ophthalmoscope
visual field defects

Question 28

glaucoma treatment

Answer 28

eye drops

surgery

Question 29

What layer of the eye is the uvea?

Answer 29

vascular layer - choroid, ciliary body, iris