CPRS 88: Acute and Chronic Renal Failure

Question 1

Acute Kidney Injury (Just read)
Diagnosed if:
- Serum Creatinine Level >0.3mg/dL within 48 hours
- Serum Creatinine level increase by 1.5x baseline concentration, occurred within prior 7 days
- Urine Volume <0.5ml/kg/hour for 6 hours

Answer 1

Summarization: Acute Kidney Injury can be caused by…

• Serum Creatinine level increase
• Urine Volume decrease

Question 2

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
NAME THE GFR (ml/min/1.73m^2) RANGE
Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increase in GFR
Stage 2: Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR
Stage 5: Kidney Failure

Answer 2

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
NAME THE GFR (ml/min/1.73m^2) RANGE
Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increase in GFR
90 or above

Stage 2: Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89

Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR
30-59

Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR
15-29

Stage 5: Kidney Failure
<15

Question 3

If there are sac-like pocket (Cysts) containing fluid or air or blood (brown-coloured dots) in the kidney surface, what does it suggest?

Answer 3

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Question 4

If there is pus in the renal pelvis, what is it called?

Answer 4

Pyonephrosis

Question 5

If there is yellowish cheese-like material, with multiple cavities and caseous necrosis, what does it indicate?

Answer 5

Tuberculosis

Question 6

Name 2 Pre-renal Causes of Kidney Dysfunction

Answer 6

1. Hypoperfusion (e.g. Hypovolaemia, septic shock)

2. Renal Artery stenosis/ thrombosis

Question 7

Name 2 intra-renal causes of Kidney Dysfunction

Try name 2-3

Answer 7

1. Drugs (e.g. NSAIDs) induce nephrotoxicity
2. Glomerulonephritis
3. Intra-renal tubular obstruction (cast nephropathy)

Question 8

Name 2 post-renal causes of Kidney Dysfunction

Try name 2-4

Answer 8

1. Urethral stenosis
2. Carcinoma bladder
3. Bladder stones
4. Bilateral obstruction in prostate gland

Question 9

For chronic kidney diseases, we have to treat the underlying causes.
For end-stage renal failure, we need to undergo ________________ therapy

Answer 9

Renal replacement therapy

Question 10

When there is acute kidney failure, what happens to the cardiovascular system

Answer 10

Edema
Hypertension
Cardiomegaly