CPRS 75 76: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Question 1

What is the bacteria causing Pertussis/ Whooping Cough

Answer 1

Bordetella Pertussis

Question 2

The type of bacteria that Bordetella Pertussis belongs to is…

Answer 2

Gram Negative Coccobacillus

Question 3

What route is Bordetella Pertussis trasmitted

Answer 3

Respiratory Droplets

Question 4

How is Bordetella Pertussis attached

Answer 4

FHA

Fimbriae

Question 5

What distinctive symptoms does patients with Pertussis has?

Answer 5

Short expiratory bursts followed by inspiratory gasp/ whoop

Cyanosis that terminates with vomiting

Question 6

How to diagnose Pertussis/ Whooping Cough?

Answer 6

Nasopharyngeal Swab

Whitish gray appearance on Amies Medium with Charcoal

Question 7

What antibiotic can be used to treat Pertussis

Answer 7

Macrolides

Question 8

How to prevent Pertussis

Answer 8

vaccination

DTaP-IPV

Question 9

How to diagnose Pneumonia

Answer 9

Blood Gas
Urine Antigen Detection
X-Ray

Question 10

In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does rusty sputum indicate

Answer 10

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 11

In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does currant jelly sputum indicate

Answer 11

Klebsiella pneumonia

Question 12

A good sputum sample should have many _____

Answer 12

White blood cells

Question 13

How to obtain specimens from the lower respiratory tract

Answer 13

Bronchoscope

Question 14

What are the four most common bacterial causes of pneumonia? Name in order please

Answer 14

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 15

What type of haemolysis is streptococcus pneumoniae exhibiting?

Answer 15

Alpha haemolytic on blood agar

Gram positive

Question 16

What agar should be used to culture Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer 16

MacConkey Agar

Question 17

What bacteria can urine antigen test detect

Answer 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Legionella pneumophila Type I

Question 18

What is ‘walking pneumonia’?

Answer 18

Patients that do not appear ill clinically

No significant pathogens on the sputum

Question 19

What are bacteria that causes walking pneumonia?

Answer 19

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (appears white in charcoal-based medium)

Question 20

What is meant if there is aspiration pneumonia

Answer 20

Loss of Gag reflex

Loss of swallowing reflex

Question 21

What are the causes of aspiration pneumonia

Answer 21

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Bacterial Pneumonia
Bronchial obstruction

Question 22

Mycobacteria is Gram _____ and it is not stained by _______ stain. It is stained by _____________ stain.

Answer 22

Gram positive
Not stained by Gram Stain
Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

Question 23

What is special about the cell wall of mycobacteria, and what is its significance

Answer 23

Has Very high lipid content

Very difficult for gram stain to enter the bacteria, but higher resistance to drying, acids and alkalis

Question 24

name the bacteria that causes leprosy

Answer 24

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 25

What medium shall we use to culture Mycobacterium tuberculosis And what will it form?

Answer 25

LJ Medium | Forming bread cumbs with colonies

Question 26

What are the five drugs for the first line treatment for Tuberculosis

Answer 26

``` PRIES Pyrazinamide Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol Streptomycin ```

Question 27

What is the antibiotic for the second line of treatment of Tuberculosis

Answer 27

Fluoroquinolones

Question 28

Multi-drug resistant TB is resistant to at least _______ and _________

Answer 28

Rifampicin | Isoniazid

Question 29

How does pneumocystis jirovecii spread?

Answer 29

Inhalation

Question 30

What does pneumocystis jirovecii cause

Answer 30

Pneumocystosis

Question 31

What are the clinical features of pneumocystosis

Answer 31

Pulmonary infection | Bilateral diffuse infiltrates in X-Ray

Question 32

What is the treatment for pneumocystosis

Answer 32

Cotrimoxazole

Question 33

How to diagnose penumocystosis

Answer 33

Bronchoalveolar lavage (most preferred) Induced sputum- Inhale nebulized saline Staining: Giemsa, Methenamine silver

Question 34

What type of virus does Influenza Virus belong to?

Answer 34

Enveloped RNA Virus

Question 35

What components are on the envelope of Influenza Virus? And what are their functions?

Answer 35

Haemagglutinin- Host cell attachment | Neuraminidase- Release and spread of virus

Question 36

Where is influenza virus multiplied

Answer 36

Respiratory Epithelium

Question 37

What is the transmission pathway of influenza virus

Answer 37

Large droplets

Question 38

Where can all H and N types of influenza virus be found? (except H18N11)

Answer 38

Waterfowls

Question 39

How to diagnose influenza

Answer 39

Antigen detection | PCR

Question 40

How to prevent influenza

Answer 40

Vaccination

Question 41

What are the symptoms of influenza

Answer 41

``` Dry cough Nasal discharge Headache Fever Myalgia (Muscle Pain) Malaise (Sense of discomfort) ```

Question 42

How to treat influenza

Answer 42

Neuraminidase inhibitors: Zanamivir, Oseltamivir | Avoiding Aspirin and NSAIDs in children