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mbbs cprs > CPRS 75 76: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

CPRS 75 76: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bacteria causing Pertussis/ Whooping Cough

A

Bordetella Pertussis

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2
Q

The type of bacteria that Bordetella Pertussis belongs to is…

A

Gram Negative Coccobacillus

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3
Q

What route is Bordetella Pertussis trasmitted

A

Respiratory Droplets

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4
Q

How is Bordetella Pertussis attached

A

FHA

Fimbriae

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5
Q

What distinctive symptoms does patients with Pertussis has?

A

Short expiratory bursts followed by inspiratory gasp/ whoop

Cyanosis that terminates with vomiting

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6
Q

How to diagnose Pertussis/ Whooping Cough?

A

Nasopharyngeal Swab

Whitish gray appearance on Amies Medium with Charcoal

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7
Q

What antibiotic can be used to treat Pertussis

A

Macrolides

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8
Q

How to prevent Pertussis

A

vaccination

DTaP-IPV

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9
Q

How to diagnose Pneumonia

A

Blood Gas
Urine Antigen Detection
X-Ray

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10
Q

In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does rusty sputum indicate

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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11
Q

In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does currant jelly sputum indicate

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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12
Q

A good sputum sample should have many _____

A

White blood cells

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13
Q

How to obtain specimens from the lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchoscope

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14
Q

What are the four most common bacterial causes of pneumonia? Name in order please

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae

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15
Q

What type of haemolysis is streptococcus pneumoniae exhibiting?

A

Alpha haemolytic on blood agar

Gram positive

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16
Q

What agar should be used to culture Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

MacConkey Agar

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17
Q

What bacteria can urine antigen test detect

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Legionella pneumophila Type I

18
Q

What is ‘walking pneumonia’?

A

Patients that do not appear ill clinically

No significant pathogens on the sputum

19
Q

What are bacteria that causes walking pneumonia?

A 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (appears white in charcoal-based medium)
20
Q

What is meant if there is aspiration pneumonia

A

Loss of Gag reflex

Loss of swallowing reflex

21
Q

What are the causes of aspiration pneumonia

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Bacterial Pneumonia
Bronchial obstruction

22
Q

Mycobacteria is Gram _____ and it is not stained by _______ stain. It is stained by _____________ stain.

A

Gram positive
Not stained by Gram Stain
Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

23
Q

What is special about the cell wall of mycobacteria, and what is its significance

A

Has Very high lipid content

Very difficult for gram stain to enter the bacteria, but higher resistance to drying, acids and alkalis

24
Q

name the bacteria that causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

25
Q

What medium shall we use to culture Mycobacterium tuberculosis
And what will it form?

A

LJ Medium

Forming bread cumbs with colonies

26
Q

What are the five drugs for the first line treatment for Tuberculosis

A 
PRIES
Pyrazinamide
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
27
Q

What is the antibiotic for the second line of treatment of Tuberculosis

A

Fluoroquinolones

28
Q

Multi-drug resistant TB is resistant to at least _______ and _________

A

Rifampicin

Isoniazid

29
Q

How does pneumocystis jirovecii spread?

A

Inhalation

30
Q

What does pneumocystis jirovecii cause

A

Pneumocystosis

31
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumocystosis

A

Pulmonary infection

Bilateral diffuse infiltrates in X-Ray

32
Q

What is the treatment for pneumocystosis

A

Cotrimoxazole

33
Q

How to diagnose penumocystosis

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage (most preferred)
Induced sputum- Inhale nebulized saline
Staining: Giemsa, Methenamine silver

34
Q

What type of virus does Influenza Virus belong to?

A

Enveloped RNA Virus

35
Q

What components are on the envelope of Influenza Virus? And what are their functions?

A

Haemagglutinin- Host cell attachment

Neuraminidase- Release and spread of virus

36
Q

Where is influenza virus multiplied

A

Respiratory Epithelium

37
Q

What is the transmission pathway of influenza virus

A

Large droplets

38
Q

Where can all H and N types of influenza virus be found? (except H18N11)

A

Waterfowls

39
Q

How to diagnose influenza

A

Antigen detection

PCR

40
Q

How to prevent influenza

A

Vaccination

41
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza

A 
Dry cough
Nasal discharge
Headache
Fever
Myalgia (Muscle Pain)
Malaise (Sense of discomfort)
42
Q

How to treat influenza

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors: Zanamivir, Oseltamivir

Avoiding Aspirin and NSAIDs in children

mbbs cprs (44 decks)

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