CPRS 75 76: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards
What is the bacteria causing Pertussis/ Whooping Cough
Bordetella Pertussis
The type of bacteria that Bordetella Pertussis belongs to is…
Gram Negative Coccobacillus
What route is Bordetella Pertussis trasmitted
Respiratory Droplets
How is Bordetella Pertussis attached
FHA
Fimbriae
What distinctive symptoms does patients with Pertussis has?
Short expiratory bursts followed by inspiratory gasp/ whoop
Cyanosis that terminates with vomiting
How to diagnose Pertussis/ Whooping Cough?
Nasopharyngeal Swab
Whitish gray appearance on Amies Medium with Charcoal
What antibiotic can be used to treat Pertussis
Macrolides
How to prevent Pertussis
vaccination
DTaP-IPV
How to diagnose Pneumonia
Blood Gas
Urine Antigen Detection
X-Ray
In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does rusty sputum indicate
Streptococcus pneumoniae
In Sputum examination of Pneumonia, what does currant jelly sputum indicate
Klebsiella pneumonia
A good sputum sample should have many _____
White blood cells
How to obtain specimens from the lower respiratory tract
Bronchoscope
What are the four most common bacterial causes of pneumonia? Name in order please
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What type of haemolysis is streptococcus pneumoniae exhibiting?
Alpha haemolytic on blood agar
Gram positive
What agar should be used to culture Klebsiella pneumoniae
MacConkey Agar
What bacteria can urine antigen test detect
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila Type I
What is ‘walking pneumonia’?
Patients that do not appear ill clinically
No significant pathogens on the sputum
What are bacteria that causes walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila (appears white in charcoal-based medium)
What is meant if there is aspiration pneumonia
Loss of Gag reflex
Loss of swallowing reflex
What are the causes of aspiration pneumonia
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Bacterial Pneumonia
Bronchial obstruction
Mycobacteria is Gram _____ and it is not stained by _______ stain. It is stained by _____________ stain.
Gram positive
Not stained by Gram Stain
Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
What is special about the cell wall of mycobacteria, and what is its significance
Has Very high lipid content
Very difficult for gram stain to enter the bacteria, but higher resistance to drying, acids and alkalis
name the bacteria that causes leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
What medium shall we use to culture Mycobacterium tuberculosis
And what will it form?
LJ Medium
Forming bread cumbs with colonies
What are the five drugs for the first line treatment for Tuberculosis
PRIES Pyrazinamide Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol Streptomycin
What is the antibiotic for the second line of treatment of Tuberculosis
Fluoroquinolones
Multi-drug resistant TB is resistant to at least _______ and _________
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
How does pneumocystis jirovecii spread?
Inhalation
What does pneumocystis jirovecii cause
Pneumocystosis
What are the clinical features of pneumocystosis
Pulmonary infection
Bilateral diffuse infiltrates in X-Ray
What is the treatment for pneumocystosis
Cotrimoxazole
How to diagnose penumocystosis
Bronchoalveolar lavage (most preferred)
Induced sputum- Inhale nebulized saline
Staining: Giemsa, Methenamine silver
What type of virus does Influenza Virus belong to?
Enveloped RNA Virus
What components are on the envelope of Influenza Virus? And what are their functions?
Haemagglutinin- Host cell attachment
Neuraminidase- Release and spread of virus
Where is influenza virus multiplied
Respiratory Epithelium
What is the transmission pathway of influenza virus
Large droplets
Where can all H and N types of influenza virus be found? (except H18N11)
Waterfowls
How to diagnose influenza
Antigen detection
PCR
How to prevent influenza
Vaccination
What are the symptoms of influenza
Dry cough Nasal discharge Headache Fever Myalgia (Muscle Pain) Malaise (Sense of discomfort)
How to treat influenza
Neuraminidase inhibitors: Zanamivir, Oseltamivir
Avoiding Aspirin and NSAIDs in children
