CPRS 41 42: A bunch of random kidney Shit Flashcards
Consider Proximal Tubules
- What is the main function?
- It has dense _______ and dense ________ to achieve the above function
- Name the type of epithelial cells
- What function does the proximal tubule do? Production of __________ (Vitamin ___)
Consider Proximal Tubules
- What is the main function- Reabsorption
- It has dense microvilli and dense mitochondria for reabsorption
- Name the type of epithelial cells- Cuboidal
- What function does the proximal tubule do? Production of Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
In proximal tubules
- Primary Active Transport: There is __________ (channel) which transports ____ from the cell to the blood capillaries
This leads to secondary active transport.
- Symport: Transports Na+ with one other molecule into the cell
- Antiport: ___________ (name of channel), transports ____ ion in and _____ ion out of the cell on the _____ membrane
In proximal tubules
- Primary Active Transport: There is Na/K ATPase (channel) which transports Na+ from the cell to the blood capillaries
This leads to secondary active transport.
- Symport: Transports Na+ with one other molecule into the cell
- Antiport: NHE, Na+/H+ Exchanger (name of channel), transports Na+ ion in and H+ ion out of the cell on the apical membrane
Consider Distal Tubules
- What is the main function
- Name the type of epithelial cells
- It has sparse ______ and sparse _________
Consider Distal Tubules
- What is the main function: Acid base balance
- Name the type of epithelial cells: Cuboidal Cells (Without brush border)
- It has sparse mitochondria and sparse microvilli
With reference to the RAAS system, fill in
WHEN BP DROPS
- ____________ cells detect the drop in Na+ level and blood pressure
- ____________ cells are stimulated to increase _______ secretion
- Increased ______ facilitates __________ to become ___________
- Increased ________ will facilitate _________ to increase _________ release
- Increased ___________ will facilitate Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
With reference to the RAAS system, fill in
WHEN BP DROPS
- Macula Densa cells detect the drop in Na+ level and blood pressure
- JG cells are stimulated to increase renin secretion
- Increased renin facilitates angiotensinogen to become angiotensin II
- Increased angiotensin II will facilitate adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone release
- Increased aldosterone will facilitate Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
What happens when BP RISES
- ___________ cells sense the increase in Na+ and Blood pressure
- ______________ cells are stimulated to increase _______ secretion
- Increased ______ secretion causes ______ cells to inhibit _____ release
- Increased _____ secretion also causes ______ (afferent/ efferent) arterioles to _______ to reduce blood flow to glomerulus
What happens when BP RISES
- Macula Densa cells sense the increase in Na+ and Blood pressure
- Extraglomerular mesangial cells are stimulated to increase Ca2+ secretion
- Increased Ca2+ secretion causes JG cells to inhibit renin release
- Increased Ca2+ secretion also causes AFFERENT arterioles to CONSTRICT to reduce blood flow to glomerulus (The smooth muscle contracts)
After consumption of proteins, glucose, fatty acids…
They will all lead to increase in ____ (ion)
When ______ the pH (increase or decrease)
After consumption of proteins, glucose, fatty acids…
They will all lead to increase in H+
When decreases the pH
Only kidneys can manage _______ acids (acids that cannot be turned to gas)
CO2 is a _________ acid
Only kidneys can deal with (acidic/alkaline) substances
Compare the speed of regulation between kidneys and lungs
Only kidneys can manage non-volatile acids (acids that cannot be turned to gas)
CO2 is a volatile acid
Only kidneys can deal with alkaline substances
Compare the speed of regulation between kidneys and lungs: Regulation from lungs is much quicker than from the kidneys
Several Channels on the Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
Name whether they are primary/ secondary active transport, symport/antiport, and apical/basolateral membrane
Also, what do they do
- H+-ATPase:
- NHE:
- Na+/HCO3- co-transporter:
- Na/K ATPase
- H+-ATPase:
Primary, Apical
Transport H+ from cell to glomerular filtrate - NHE:
Secondary, Apical, Antiport
Transport H+ from cell to glomerular filtrate
(Or: Transport NH4+ from cell to glomerular filtrate)
Transport Na+ from filtrate to the cell - Na+/HCO3- co-transporter:
Secondary, Basolateral, Symport
Transport both Na+ and HCO3- from cell to the blood capillary - Na/K ATPase:
Primary, Basolateral, Antiport
Transport Na+ from cell to capillary
Transport K+ from capillary to cell
There are 2 types of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
CA-II and Ca-IV
Mix and match the reaction and the enzymes
H2CO3 => H2O + CO2
H2O + CO2 => H+ and HCO3-
There are 2 types of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
CA-II and Ca-IV
Mix and match the reaction and the enzymes
H2CO3 => H2O + CO2 (CA-IV)
H2O + CO2 => H+ and HCO3- (CA-II)
In Proximal Tubules, during Acidosis, how are new HCO3- being generated?
- ________ enter from ________ channel
- By Ammoniagenesis, _____ will become NH4+ and HCO3- ions
- Through ____________ (transporter), _____ will be transported from cell to filtrate and ______ will be transported from filtrate to cell
- Through ____________ (transporter), ____ and _____ will be transported from cell to blood capillaries
This will raise the blood pH
In Proximal Tubules, during Acidosis, how are new HCO3- being generated?
- Glutamine enter from SNAT3 channel
- By Ammoniagenesis, Glutamine will become NH4+ and HCO3- ions
- Through NHE, NH4+ will be transported from cell to filtrate and Na+ will be transported from filtrate to cell
- Through Na+/HCO3- cotransporter, Na+ and HCO3- will be transported from cell to blood capillaries
This will raise the blood pH
In the collecting duct, there are two types of cells - Principal Cells - Intercalated Cells Which one is responding to vasopressin? Which one is for acid-base transport
Compare the amount of mitochondria and microvilli between principal cell and intercalated cell
In the collecting duct, there are two types of cells
- Principal Cells
- Intercalated Cells
Which one is responding to vasopressin? Principal Cell
Which one is for acid-base transport? Intercalated Cell
Compare the amount of mitochondria and microvilli between principal cell and intercalated cell:
Principal cells have much less mitochondria and microvilli compared to intercalated cells.
There are 2 types of intercalated cells. IC-A and IC-B.
- IC-A has mitochondria near the ______ membrane; IC-B has mitochondria near the _______ membrane
- IC-A has H+ ATPase at the ________ membrane, it transports H+ from ______ to ________
- IC-B has H+ ATPase at the ________ membrane, it transports H+ from ______ to ________
- IC-A has _____ channel at _______ membrane, it transports _________ from cell to capillary and transports _________ from capillary to cell
- IC-B has _____ channel at _______ membrane, it transports _________ from cell to filtrate and transports _________ from filtrate to cell
There are 2 types of intercalated cells. IC-A and IC-B.
- IC-A has mitochondria near the APICAL membrane; IC-B has mitochondria near the BASOLATERAL membrane
- IC-A has H+ ATPase at the APICAL membrane, it transports H+ from CELL to FILTRATE
- IC-B has H+ ATPase at the BASOLATERAL membrane, it transports H+ from CELL to CAPILLARY
- IC-A has AE1 channel at BASOLATERAL membrane, it transports HCO3- from cell to capillary and transports CL- from capillary to cell
- IC-B has PENDRIN channel at APICAL membrane, it transports HCO3- from cell to filtrate and transports CL- from filtrate to cell
Respiratory disorder is compensated by ________ (organ)
Metabolic disorder is compensated by _______ (organ)
Respiratory disorder is compensated by KIDNEYS
Metabolic disorder is compensated by LUNGS
Metabolic Acidosis means ______________ (a substance, level change)
Respiratory compensation will cause ________
Metabolic Alkalosis means ______________ (a substance, level change)
Respiratory compensation will cause ________
Respiratory Acidosis means ______________ (a substance, level change)
Metabolic compensation will cause ________
Respiratory Alkalosis means ______________ (a substance, level change)
Metabolic compensation will cause ________
Metabolic Acidosis means reduced HCO3-
Respiratory compensation will cause reduce pCO2 level
Metabolic Alkalosis means increased HCO3-
Respiratory compensation will cause increased pCO2 level
Respiratory Acidosis means increased pCO2 level
Metabolic compensation will cause increased HCO3-
Respiratory Alkalosis means reduced pCO2 level
Metabolic compensation will cause reduced HCO3-
Consider the IC-B
How would it lead to alkalosis?
- Impairment of pendrin
- Reduced _____ (ion) transported from cell to filtrate
- Reduced _____ (ion) transported from filtrate to cell
- Result in alkalosis and _________
Consider the IC-B
How would it lead to alkalosis?
- Impairment of pendrin
- Reduced HCO3- (ion) transported from cell to filtrate
- Reduced Cl- (ion) transported from filtrate to cell
- Result in alkalosis and hypochloremia
