Course Guide Chapter 2: Chemistry For Biology

Question 1

When does covalent bonding occur?

Answer 1

occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons

Question 2

When does non-polar covalent bonding occur?

Answer 2

occurs when two atoms, with the same or similar electronegativty, share electrons equally

Question 3

When does polar covalent bonding occur?

Answer 3

occurs when two atoms share electrons unequally

Question 4

When do ionic bonds form?

Answer 4

form when the electronegativity of one atom is greater than that of the adjoining atom

Question 5

What is an anion?

Answer 5

a negatively charged ion

Question 6

What is a cation?

Answer 6

a positively charged ion

Question 7

When does H-bonding occur?

Answer 7

occurs when the hydrogen covalently attached to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 8

When does a Van der Waals interaction occur?

Answer 8

takes place when molecules interact there are pockets of constantly changing positive and negative charges

Question 9

What are hydrophilic substances?

Answer 9

(water-loving) normally polar, charged molecules that are soluble in water

Question 10

What are hydrophobic substances?

Answer 10

(water-fearing) normally non-polar, lipid-soluble molecules that are excluded from aqueous solutions by hydrogen bonding among polar molecules

Question 11

Rank the type of interactions from strongest to weakest: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic interactions Van der Waals interaction Ionic bonds Covalent bonding H-bonding

Answer 11

Covalent bonding Ionic bonds H-bonding Van der Waals interaction Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic interactions

Question 12

What is the formula for hydroxyl group?

Answer 12

-OH

Question 13

What are molecules with hydroxyl groups generally called?

Answer 13

alcohols

Question 14

What type of biological macromolecules are hydroxyl groups generally found in?

Answer 14

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 15

What is the formula for carbonyl group?

Answer 15

-C=O

Question 16

What type of biological macromolecules are carbonyl groups generally found in?

Answer 16

simple sugars, some proteins and nucleotides

Question 17

What is the formula for carboxyl group?

Answer 17

-COOH

Question 18

What type of biological macromolecules are carboxyl groups generally found in?

Answer 18

present in all amino acids and proteins

Question 19

What is the formula for amino group?

Answer 19

-NH₂

Question 20

What type of biological macromolecules are amino groups generally found in?

Answer 20

all amino acids, proteins, and some specific nucleotides

Question 21

What is the formula for sulfhydryl group?

Answer 21

-SH

Question 22

What is the formula for phosphate group?

Answer 22

-OPO₃^2-

Question 23

What type of biological macromolecules are sulfhydryl groups generally found in?

Answer 23

found in active sites involved in the catalysis of enzymes

Question 24

What type of biological macromolecules are phosphate groups generally found in?

Answer 24

phospholipids

Question 25

What is the formula for methyl group?

Answer 25

-CH₃

Question 26

What type of biological macromolecules are methyl groups generally found in?

Answer 26

alcohols, fatty acids, some amino acids and nucleotides

Question 27

Which functional groups are polar?

Answer 27

hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, phosphate group