Chapter 3.2: Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules

Question 1

Define carbohydrates

Answer 1

an organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of approximately 2:1

Question 2

What is an organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of approximately 2:1?

Answer 2

carbohydrate

Question 3

Define monosaccharide

Answer 3

a simple sugar that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules

Question 4

What is a simple sugar that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules?

Answer 4

monosaccharide

Question 5

Fructose is a structural isomer of what?

Answer 5

glucose

Question 6

How do fructose and glucose differ?

Answer 6

o Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose that differs in the position of the carbonyl carbon (C=O)

Question 7

Galactose is a stereoisomer of what?

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

How do galactose and glucose differ?

Answer 8

o Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose that differs in the position of -OH and -H groups relative to the ring

Question 9

Define dissacharide

Answer 9

a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently

Question 10

What is a carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently?

Answer 10

disaccharide

Question 11

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 11

glucose and fructose

Question 12

glucose and fructose make what?

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

What makes up lactose?

Answer 13

glucose and galactose

Question 14

glucose and galactose make what?

Answer 14

lactose

Question 15

Define polyssacharide

Answer 15

a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain

Question 16

What is a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain?

Answer 16

polysaccharide

Question 17

Define starch

Answer 17

an insoluble polymer of glucose; the chief food storage substance of plants

Question 18

What is an insoluble polymer of glucose; the chief food storage substance of plants?

Answer 18

starch

Question 19

Alpha glucose molecules make what?

Answer 19

starch

Question 20

Define cellulose

Answer 20

the chief constituent of the cell wall in all green plants, and a few other organisms; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules

Question 21

What is the chief constituent of the cell wall in all green plants, and a few other organisms; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules?

Answer 21

cellulose

Question 22

Beta-glucose molecules make what?

Answer 22

cellulose

Question 23

Define amylose

Answer 23

starch composed of many hundreds of α-glucose molecules linked together in long, unbranched chains

Question 24

Define amylopectin

Answer 24

 Amylopectin- starch composed of branched polysaccharides with the branches occurring due to bonds between the C-1 of one molecule and the C-6 of another

Question 25

• α-(1 4) linkages make what?

Answer 25

amylose

Question 26

α-(1⟶6) linkages make what

Answer 26

amylopectin

Question 27

Define glycogen

Answer 27

animal starch; a complex branched polysaccharide that serves as a food reserve in animals, bacteria, and fungi

Question 28

What is animal starch; a complex branched polysaccharide that serves as a food reserve in animals, bacteria, and fungi?

Answer 28

glycogen

Question 29

Define chitin

Answer 29

a tough, resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of arthropods, and the epidermal cuticle of other surface structures of certain other invertebrates

Question 30

What is a tough, resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of arthropods, and the epidermal cuticle of other surface structures of certain other invertebrates?

Answer 30

chitin