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BIO 301 > Chapter 4.1: Cell Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 4.1: Cell Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define immunohistochemistry

A

 Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies generated in animals that bind to target molecule

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2
Q

What is the bounding structure of the eukaryotic nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope

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3
Q

Define transmission electron microscope

A

• Transmission Electron Microscope: A beam of electrons is passed through the specimen. Areas of the specimen that scatter electrons appear dark.

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4
Q

Define differential-interference-contrast microscope

A

o Differential-Interference-Contrast Microscope: Polarized light is split into two beams that have slightly different paths through the sample. Combining these two beams produces greater contrast especially at the edges of structures

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5
Q

What are the 4 variables affecting rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Surface area available for diffusion
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration gradient of diffusing substance
  4. The distance over which diffusion must occur
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6
Q

What is a specialized part of the cell?

A

organelle

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7
Q

What are the 4 major features all cells have in common?

A
  1. A nucleoid or nucleus where genetic material is located
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes to synthesize proteins
  4. A plasma membrane
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8
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

employs electron beams

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9
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Light is directed at an angle toward the specimen. A condenser lens transmits only light reflected off the specimen. The field is dark, and the specimen is light against this dark background.

A

Dark-Field Microscope

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10
Q

Define compound micrscopes

A

 Microscopes that magnify in stages using several lenses are called compound microscopes

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11
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

 Nuclear Envelope- the bounding structure of the eukaryotic nucleus

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12
Q

What type of microscope is describe? A beam of electrons is passed through the specimen. Areas of the specimen that scatter electrons appear dark.

A

transmission electron microscope

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13
Q

What is a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?

A

prokaryote

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14
Q

What is the area of a prokaryotic cell, usually near the center, that contains the genome in the form of DNA compacted with protein?

A

nucleoid

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15
Q

What is the size of a prokaryotic cell?

A

• Prokaryotic cell is 1 to 10 micrometers

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16
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

• Contains sugars, amino acids, and proteins

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17
Q

Define cytosol

A

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

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19
Q

How much more powerful is the resolving power of an electron microscope to a light microscope?

A

1000 times

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20
Q

Define fluorescence micrscope

A

o Fluorescence Microscope: Fluorescent stains absorb light at one wavelength, then emit it at another. Filters transmit only the emitted light.

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21
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Light is transmitted through a specimen, giving little contrast

A

Bright-Field Microscope

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22
Q

What type of microscope is describe? An electron beam is scanned across the surface of the specimen, and electrons are knocked off the surface. Thus, the topography of the specimen determines the contrast and the content of the image

A

scanning electron micrscope

23
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Components of the microscope bring light waves out of phase, which produces differences in contrast and brightness when the light waves recombine.

A

Phase-Contrast Microscope

24
Q

What is the nuclear envelope composed of?

A

Composed of two phospholipid bilayers with the outer one connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.

25
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Fluorescent stains absorb light at one wavelength, then emit it at another. Filters transmit only the emitted light.

A

Fluorescence Microscope

26
Q

Define prokaryote

A

• Prokaryote- a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

27
Q

What are the 3 principles of cell theory?

A
  1.  All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells
  2.  Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms
  3.  Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
28
Q

Define phase-contrast microscope

A

o Phase-Contrast Microscope: Components of the microscope bring light waves out of phase, which produces differences in contrast and brightness when the light waves recombine.

29
Q

Define organelle

A

• Organelle- specialized part of a cell

30
Q

Define dark-field microscope

A

o Dark-Field Microscope: Light is directed at an angle toward the specimen. A condenser lens transmits only light reflected off the specimen. The field is dark, and the specimen is light against this dark background.

31
Q

Where is the DNA in a eukaryote located?

A

o DNA contained in the nucleus which is surrounded by a double-membrane structure called the nuclear envelope

32
Q

What is the size of a eukaryotic cell?

A

• Eukaryotic cell is 10 to 100 micrometers

33
Q

Define resolution

A

 Resolution is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points

34
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

• Plasma Membrane- the membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

35
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryote located?

A

o Genetic material lies in a single circular molecule of DNA

o Resides near the center of the cell in the nucleoid

36
Q

How do stain work to view cell structure?

A

 Structures within the cell absorb or exclude the stain differentially, producing contrast that aids resolution

37
Q

What is the membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

plasma membrane

38
Q

What is the purpose of receptor proteins?

A

• Receptor Proteins induce changes within the cell when they come in contact with specific molecules in the environment

39
Q

What does the first lens of a light microscope do?

A

• first lens focuses the image of the object on the second lens

40
Q

What is a semifluid matrix within a cell?

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

 Light microscopes, which operate with visible light, use two magnifying lenses (and a variety of correcting lenses) to achieve very high magnification and clarity

42
Q

What is the - relationship of the surface area of a structure, such as a cell, the volume it contains?

A

surface area to volume ratio

43
Q

What does the cytosol contain?

A

contains dissolved organic molecules and ions

44
Q

Define scanning electron microscope

A

• Scanning Electron Microscope: An electron beam is scanned across the surface of the specimen, and electrons are knocked off the surface. Thus, the topography of the specimen determines the contrast and the content of the image

45
Q

What does the second lens of a light microscope do?

A

• second lens magnifies it again and focuses it back on the eye

46
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Light from a laser is focused to a point and scanned across the fluorescently stained specimen in two directions

A

Confocal Microscope

47
Q

Define nucleoid

A

 Nucleoid- the area of a prokaryotic cell, usually near the center, that contains the genome in the form of DNA compacted with protein

48
Q

Define bright-field microscope

A

o Bright-Field Microscope: Light is transmitted through a specimen, giving little contrast

49
Q

What type of microscope is describe? Polarized light is split into two beams that have slightly different paths through the sample. Combining these two beams produces greater contrast especially at the edges of structures

A

Differential-Interference-Contrast Microscope

50
Q

Define surface area to volume ratio

A

o Surface Area to Volume Ratio- relationship of the surface area of a structure, such as a cell, the volume it contains

51
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

• Cytoplasm- a semifluid matrix within a cell

52
Q

Define confocal microscope

A

o Confocal Microscope: Light from a laser is focused to a point and scanned across the fluorescently stained specimen in two directions

53
Q

What is the purpose of transport proteins?

A

• Transport proteins help molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane

BIO 301 (70 decks)

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