Chapter 7.1: Overview of Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes?

A

electron transport chain

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2
Q

What is a molecule that become reduced (to NADH) as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell?

A

• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

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3
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

the use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

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4
Q

What is result of glycolysis?

A

this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP

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5
Q

Is ATP synthesis endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergoninc

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6
Q

What is the metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation, ultimately dependent on molecular oxygen?

A

cellular respiration

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7
Q

Define heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemical, and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules

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8
Q

What happens in substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

 In substrate-level phosphorylation, ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate-bearing intermediate, or substrate

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9
Q

What is the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen?

A

fermentation

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10
Q

Define autotrophs

A

an organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires as its own food source, using only simple inorganic compounds

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11
Q

Define fermentation

A

the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen

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12
Q

What is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?

A

glycolysis

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13
Q

Define glycolysis

A

the anaerobic breakdown of glucose

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14
Q

What is a chemical reaction involving the loss of a hydrogen atom. This is an oxidation that combines loss of an electron with loss of a proton.?

A

dehydrogenation

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15
Q

What is the use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen?

A

anaerobic respiration

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16
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

17
Q

Define ATP synthase

A

the enzyme responsible for producing ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

18
Q

Is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

19
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

the metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation, ultimately dependent on molecular oxygen

20
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for producing ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthase

21
Q

What is the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient. The proton gradient is generated by electron transport, which requires oxygen?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

22
Q

What is an organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires as its own food source, using only simple inorganic compounds?

A

autotroph

23
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient. The proton gradient is generated by electron transport, which requires oxygen

24
Q

What is an organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemical, and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules?

A

heterotroph

25
Q

Define electron transport chain

A

the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes

26
Q

What are the three forms of electron carriers in respiration and their purpose?

A

 Soluble carriers that move electrons from one molecule to another
 Membrane-Bound Carriers that form a redox chain
 Carriers that move within the membrane

27
Q

What is the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP?

A

aerobic respiration

28
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

chemical reaction involving the loss of a hydrogen atom. This is an oxidation that combines loss of an electron with loss of a proton.

29
Q

Define • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

A

a molecule that become reduced (to NADH) as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell