Control of micturition

Question 1

What is the name of the tube that transports urine from the calices of the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 1

The ureters

Question 2

What is the function of the transitional epithelium lining?

Answer 2

It stretches due to the rugae which decreases back-pressure on the kidney

Question 3

What is the function of having an oblique path of the ureter against the bladder wall?

Answer 3

It creates a valve-like entry
and reduces urinary reflux/ damage

Question 4

Where can the entry to the bladder be found?

Answer 4

Through the detrusor muscle at the trigone

Question 5

In what organs is the urothelium found?

Answer 5

It is found in the renal calices, ureters, bladder and proximal urethra

Question 6

What is the main cell type found in the urothelium?

Answer 6

Umbrella cells, they are bound to each other with tight junctions and form a waterproof barrier

Question 7

What is the uretorenal reflex?

Answer 7

a failsafe that is important in preventing excessive flow of fluid into the renal pelvis of the kidney with a blocked ureter

Question 8

What is the vesicoureteric reflex?

Answer 8

Detruser muscle contracts which keeps the ureter compressed against the side of the bladder

Question 9

What is the reflux of urine called?

Answer 9

Vesicoureteric reflux

Question 10

What can vesicoureteric reflux cause?

Answer 10

Renal damage

Question 11

When does the vesicoureteric reflux occur?

Answer 11

When the vesicoureteric reflex fails

Question 12

What is the involuntary control to the bladder?

Answer 12

The detrusor and internal sphincter

Question 13

What is the voluntary control of the bladder?

Answer 13

The external sphincter

Question 14

What is the name of the nerve that the sympathetic system uses?

Answer 14

The hypogastric nerve

Question 15

Where does the pelvic nerve originate from?

Answer 15

The sacral part of the spine

Question 16

What is the name of the nerve that the parasympathetic system uses?

Answer 16

The pelvic nerve

Question 17

What is the function of the hypogastric nerve?

Answer 17

It relaxes the detrusor muscle, and causes constriction of the internal sphincter (made for storage)

Question 18

What is the function of the pelvic nerve?

Answer 18

It contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the internal sphincter (for peeing)

Question 19

What is the somatic nerve that innervates the bladder?

Answer 19

The pudendal nerve which is used to control the external sphincter

Question 20

Describe the uretorenal reflex?

Answer 20

When the ureters become blocked it is detected by pain receptors which cause vasoconstriction to occur
This acts as a failsafe preventing urine from re-entering the pelvis

Question 21

What are the receptors used in the sympathetic storage phase?

Answer 21

Beta receptors allow the detrusor muscle to relax
Alpha receptors allows the internal sphincter to constrict

Question 22

What occurs when there is a lesion cranial to the sacral region?

Answer 22

damage to the sympathetic system and the UMN
as the LMN is still in tact the internal sphincter will stay contracted and therefore the bladder will be difficult to express

Question 23

what occurs when there is a spinal lesion effecting the sacral end of the spine?

Answer 23

Loss of the LMN (parasympathetic innervation and somatic innervation)
loss of muscle tone in the bladder therefore the bladder will dribble urine

Question 24

What is the effect if there is a lesion on the caudal end of the spine?

Answer 24

Should have no effect b