Control of micturition Flashcards
What is the name of the tube that transports urine from the calices of the kidney to the bladder?
The ureters
What is the function of the transitional epithelium lining?
It stretches due to the rugae which decreases back-pressure on the kidney
What is the function of having an oblique path of the ureter against the bladder wall?
It creates a valve-like entry
and reduces urinary reflux/ damage
Where can the entry to the bladder be found?
Through the detrusor muscle at the trigone
In what organs is the urothelium found?
It is found in the renal calices, ureters, bladder and proximal urethra
What is the main cell type found in the urothelium?
Umbrella cells, they are bound to each other with tight junctions and form a waterproof barrier
What is the uretorenal reflex?
a failsafe that is important in preventing excessive flow of fluid into the renal pelvis of the kidney with a blocked ureter
What is the vesicoureteric reflex?
Detruser muscle contracts which keeps the ureter compressed against the side of the bladder
What is the reflux of urine called?
Vesicoureteric reflux
What can vesicoureteric reflux cause?
Renal damage
When does the vesicoureteric reflux occur?
When the vesicoureteric reflex fails
What is the involuntary control to the bladder?
The detrusor and internal sphincter
What is the voluntary control of the bladder?
The external sphincter
What is the name of the nerve that the sympathetic system uses?
The hypogastric nerve
Where does the pelvic nerve originate from?
The sacral part of the spine
What is the name of the nerve that the parasympathetic system uses?
The pelvic nerve
What is the function of the hypogastric nerve?
It relaxes the detrusor muscle, and causes constriction of the internal sphincter (made for storage)
What is the function of the pelvic nerve?
It contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the internal sphincter (for peeing)
What is the somatic nerve that innervates the bladder?
The pudendal nerve which is used to control the external sphincter
Describe the uretorenal reflex?
When the ureters become blocked it is detected by pain receptors which cause vasoconstriction to occur
This acts as a failsafe preventing urine from re-entering the pelvis
What are the receptors used in the sympathetic storage phase?
Beta receptors allow the detrusor muscle to relax
Alpha receptors allows the internal sphincter to constrict
What occurs when there is a lesion cranial to the sacral region?
damage to the sympathetic system and the UMN
as the LMN is still in tact the internal sphincter will stay contracted and therefore the bladder will be difficult to express
what occurs when there is a spinal lesion effecting the sacral end of the spine?
Loss of the LMN (parasympathetic innervation and somatic innervation)
loss of muscle tone in the bladder therefore the bladder will dribble urine
What is the effect if there is a lesion on the caudal end of the spine?
Should have no effect b
