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VMS 1006 > Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord > Flashcards

Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general functions of the spinal cord?

A

Conducts info to and from the brain through a system of axonal tracts,
Connects with spinal nerves
The spinal cord also acts as a reflex centre, producing subconscious muscle responses

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2
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

the 6th/7th lumbar vertebrae

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3
Q

Where do the axons of each root bind?

A

they bind laterally to form spinal nerves

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4
Q

What do dorsal roots convey?

A

Dorsal roots convey sensory input to the spinal cord

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5
Q

What do ventral roots convey?

A

Ventral roots carry motor input to muscles and glands

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6
Q

Where is the spinal ganglion present?

A

spiral ganglion are present on each dorsal root

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7
Q

Where do paired spinal nerves emerge from?

A

spaces formed between vertebrae

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8
Q

What nerve do the first seven spinal segment rootlets join to form?

A

spinal roots of the accessory nerve

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9
Q

At what point in the spinal cord is the diameter increased?

A

the two locations where nerves to the limbs arise

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10
Q

Which parts does the cervical enlargement innervate?

A

innervates the thoracic limb

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11
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

the terminal end of the spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the nerve plexus?

A

complex, interwoven network of nerves

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13
Q

What forms the nerve plexus?

A

The ventral branches of spinal nerves

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14
Q

What tissues do the dorsal roots innervate?

A

epaxial tissues

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15
Q

What tissues do the ventral roots innervate?

A

hypaxial tissues

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16
Q

Where is the majority of growth after birth?

A

more growth occurs in the vertebral column than in the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

thick bundle of elongated nerve roots within the lower vertebral canal

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18
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale?

A

glial continuation that persists beyond the functional end of the spinal cord, it stabilises it

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19
Q

Where are spinal arteries suspended?

A

within small strands of tissue called arachnoid trabecula

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20
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

fibrous structures that help anchor the spinal cord in place

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21
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx

22
Q

What is grey matter?

A

consists of neurons and a neuronal blood supply, it is grey due to perikaryal

23
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated and non-myelinated axons, it is white due to the lipid composition of myelin

24
Q

What is the spinal cord divided into?

A

symmetric left and right halves by a ventral and dorsal median fissure

25
Q

What are interneurons?

A

interposed between a particular input and the resulting output from the spinal cord, can either have long or short axons

26
Q

Where in the skull does the spinal cord leave?

A

It exits through the foramen magnum and then runs through the vertebral column

27
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit?

A

The level of the 6th/7th lumbar vertebrae

28
Q

What does the centre of the spinal cord contain?

A

a central canal filled with CSF and lined with ependymal cells

29
Q

What parts of the body does the spinal cord innervate?

A

neck, trunk, tail, limbs and the caudal/dorsal surfaces of the head

30
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that form the lining of the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord

31
Q

What nerves supply the brachial plexus/ front portion of the animal?

A

Ventral portion of spinal nerves C6-C8 and T1-T2

32
Q

What nerves supply the back-end of the animal?

A

Ventral portion of spinal nerves L4-L7 and S1-S3

33
Q

Where do remaining spinal nerves exit?

A

sacral foramina

34
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit and why?

A

It exits through the T1 vertebrae because there isn’t sufficient cranial vertebrae

35
Q

Where does the first cranial nerve exit?

A

Through the arch of the atlas in the head

36
Q

Where does the functional spinal cord terminate?

A

at L6-L7

37
Q

Where are spinal cord arteries suspended?

A

within small strand of tissue called arachnoid trabecula that connects to the pia mater

38
Q

What is the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord continuous with in the brain?

A

The foramen magnum

39
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Due to the lipid composition of the myelinated neurons

40
Q

What is the dorsolateral sulcus?

A

Where dorsal roots enter the spinal cord

41
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horn?

A

contains cell bodies of interneurons where the afferent neurons terminate

42
Q

What is the function of the ventral horn?

A

contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles

43
Q

What is the function of the lateral horns?

A

Where autonomic nerve fibres that supply cardiac and smooth muscle originate from

44
Q

What are the ventral branches of spinal nerves that form the brachial plexus?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2

45
Q

What spinal nerves form the nerve plexus?

A

L4, L5, L6, L7, S1, S2 and S3

46
Q

How many segments are usually in the spinal cord of dogs?

A

36

47
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

A

C6-C7 intervertebral disc

48
Q

What kind of cells produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

49
Q

What are dorsal/ventral roots made up of?

A

Thousands of axons

50
Q

What root are spinal ganglion present on?

A

The dorsal root

51
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and cervical segments/ nerves are there, and what is the significance of this?

A

There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical segments/ nerves, the first cervical nerve exits through the arch of atlas and cervical nerve C8 exits between vertebrae C7 and T1

VMS 1006 (31 decks)

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