Comm Flashcards
What Documents are required for international flights?
Passport
Medical
Pilots License
Radio License
What 2 events require you to file trip info and a crew/pax manifest with eAPIS?
Leaving or Entering US Airspace
What types of flight plans are acceptable for transitioning the ADIX when exiting/entering US Airspace?
DVFR or IFR
What does ICAO stand for? What is the general purpose of ICAO?
International Civil Aviation Organization. To develop international aviation rules and policies.
ICAO rules are organized by ___
Annexes
When flying to another country, you can find information on immunizations, ports of entry, and other important requirements in the country’s Aeronautical Information ____.
Publication
The newest method of aircraft coordination uses ADS-C and CPDLC to track and communicate with aircraft what technology is used as the primary backup to ADS-C and CPDLC?
HF/SELCAL
True of False: The oceanic tracks are a permanent system of airways crossing the major oceanic routes east and west. A daily TMI provides the letters of active airways for the day.
False
An aircraft has positive ___ stability if it initially returns to equilibrium when disrupted.
Static
List 3 conditions that exist with an AFT CG.
Higher Cruise. Lower Stall Speed. Less Elevator forces needed. Harder to recover from stall.
If you wanted a high rate turn. What airspeed and bank angle should be used?
Va + 30 degrees
What about a large turn radius instead?
Va + 10 degrees
List the normal category G load certification standard limits.
3.8 to -1.52
If the limit load factor for an airplane is 6g’s, what is the minimum that the Ultimate Load Factor should be?
9g’s
What happens to the aircraft if the ULF is exceeded.
Structural Failure will Occur.
Design Maneuvering speed is found at the intersection of what 2 lines on the VG diagram.
Limit Load Factor & Accelerated Stall Speed.
What are the required documents for AIRCRAFT for an international flight?
ARROW+
ID Data Plate
Life Vest (for Bahamas)
DHS Decal
eAPIS requirements and definition
Electronic Advance Passenger Information System. eAPIS info must be filed at least one hour before departing or arriving in the USA.
An area of airspace over land or water, in which the ready identification, location, and control of all aircraft (except DOD and Law enforcement) is required in the interest of national security.
ADIZ
ADIZ Crossing Requirements
Transponder with Altitude Reporting. 2-way Radio Comms. IFR or DVFR flight plan. Position reporting req. before entering the ADIZ (15 min prior to entry)
Just as the U.S is controlled by different ATC Centers, the rest of the world is broken into ___.
FIR’s. Flight Information Regions
____ radio uses the ionosphere to “bounce” the signal around the curve of the earth and thus can be reached beyond line of sight. Frequencies are assigned as Primary and Secondary when entering the Oceanic FIR.
HF
A discrete letter pairing for each aircraft. Instead of maintaining a listening watch on HF, which can be saturated with static, ___ can “page” the aircraft to prompt the crew to contact ATC for instructions.
SELCAL
Each day, the winds and WX are analyzed and organized series of ____ eastbound and westbound are assigned based on Lat/Long waypoints to maximize favorable winds aloft and avoid inclement areas of WX.
Tracks
Between the last-named fix, also known as “Coast-Out” fix, and the “Coast-In” fix. Crews plot their position using Lat/Long on an oceanic plotting chart.
Plotting
Regulations requiring twin engine aircraft to always be within a specific number of minutes of a diversion airport after an engine failure when flying over the ocean. 180 min is standard depending on the airframe and power plant.
ETOPS. Extended-Range Twin-Engine Operational Performance Standards
Use specific Arrival and Departure times known as “slots” to coordinate traffic, Europe’s ATC
EASA. European Aviation Safety Agency
Advantages of High Wing Aircraft
Better L/D ratio. Better Lateral Stability. Shorter Landings. Better Crash Fire Protection. Better Visibility below the Aircraft.
Advantages of a Low-Wing Aircraft
Landing Gear Attachment/Support. Roll Maneuverability. Easier Fueling. Shorter Takeoffs. Better Crash Energy Absorption. Better Visibility Above the Aircraft.
Ratio of Wingspan to Wing Chord
Aspect Ratio
Ratio of Thickness or Chord Length from Wing Root to Wing Tip
Taper Ratio
Angle of leading edge relative to perpendicular of Longitudinal Axis
Sweepback
Angle between Chord line and Longitudinal axis
Angle of Incidence
A condition of flight in which the nose of an airplane tends to yaw toward the outside of the turn. Caused by the higher induced drag on the outside wing, which is also producing more lift
Adverse Yaw
4 basic types of flaps
Plain. Split. Slotted. Fowler
Moves opposite of flight control direction* Relieves pressures from the flight controls* Can be fixed or adjustable
Trim Tab
Usually on stabilators* Moves in the same direction as control surface, but more* Provides an artificial control feeling
Anti-Servo Tab
This is what the flight controls actually move* Used to move the control surface* Moves in opposite direction of the control surface
Servo Tab
Makes it easier to control the flight surface* Usually mounted to the control surface* Moves in opposite direction of control surface
Balance Tab
The inherent quality of an airplane to correct for conditions that may disturb it from equilibrium. (static and dynamic)
Stability
The ability of the aircraft to change direction about the three axes and withstand the forces imposed by these maneuvers
Maneuverability
Rapid changes in AOA without any rapid changes in airspeed* More Dangerous if not dampened rapidly- Hard to control
Short Period Oscillation
determinants of aircraft stability
CG. Center of Pressure. Tail down Force
What is Downwash?
the downward deflection of air behind an aircraft’s wings, which is crucial for generating lift. refers to the downward deflection of airflow as it passes over and under the wings of an aircraft.
Thrust Line
An imaginary line passing through the center of the propeller hub, perpendicular to the plane of the propeller rotation.
Load Factor
The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertial forces, or ground or water reactions
Limit Load Factor
load factor, that an aircraft can withstand before structural damage or failure occurs
ULF
In stress analysis, the load that causes physical breakdown in an aircraft or aircraft component during a strength test, or the load that according to computations, should cause such a breakdown
Change in heading per unit of time* Deg/Sec
Rate
Endurance
The most time aloft for a given amount of fuel* It is equal to the bottom of the power curve
How can we maintain maximum range?
Decrease Airspeed as weight is burned
Increase Altitude* Max range always occurs at (L/D)MAX* Maintain same CAS* Higher altitude - Higher TAS
What is part 135 and what does it operate under?
a section of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) that governs non-scheduled, commercial air transportation. It’s required for companies that want to operate as non-scheduled air charter carriers. Commercial Operators Certificate
What certificate do the airlines use?
Air Operator Certificate. a license that allows an aircraft operator to perform commercial air transportation
What are the types of planforms?
Elliptical
Rectangular
Taper
Combination
Sweepback
Pointed Tip
