Clinical Psychology - Domain Quiz Flashcards
As described by Murray Bowen, “emotional triangles” are associated with:
Select one:
A.stress and conflict.
B.repetitive communication patterns.
C.irresponsibility.
D.self-deception.
Emotional triangles are a central part of Bowen”s theory of family pathology.
a.CORRECTAccording to Bowen, emotional triangles help reduce conflict and stress. For example, if there is a great deal of conflict between mom and dad, they can triangulate a child into the relationship and reduce the conflict between them by focusing their attention on the child.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: stress and conflict.
The impact of differences in early mother-daughter and mother-son relationships on development is a central focus of:
Select one:
A.Jungian analytical therapy.
B.reality therapy.
C.Kellys personal construct theory.
D.self-in-relation theory.
If you’re not familiar with self-in-relation theory (the correct answer to this question), you may have been able to identify the correct response through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d.CORRECTSelf-in-relation theory is a feminist approach that combines feminist theory with object relations theory. Consistent with object relations theory, it focuses on the relationship between the mother (caregiver) and child. Additional information on this approach is provided in the description of feminist therapy in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
The correct answer is: self-in-relation theory.
Research by Howard and his colleagues (1986) found that about ___% of therapy clients show “marked improvement” by the 26th therapy session.
Select one:
A.25
B.45
C.75
D.95
Howard et al. (1986) found that the positive relationship between therapy duration and therapy outcome “levels off” at about the 26ththerapy session.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c.CORRECTThese investigators report that about 75% of therapy clients show “measurable improvement” by 26 sessions; and, at 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85%.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
The correct answer is: 75
Client-centered therapists are most likely to interpret a client’s heart palpitations, hyperventilation, tension headaches, and nausea as:
Select one:
A.the result of unresolved intrapsychic conflicts.
B.manifestations of denied threats to the self-concept.
C.a response to overwhelming environmental stress.
D.the consequence of being unable to fulfill one’s own needs.
For practitioners of client-centered therapy, personality and behavioral problems arise when an individual’s natural tendency toward growth and actualization is disrupted by incongruence between the self and experience.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b.CORRECTIncongruence results when the evaluations made by others are inconsistent with one’s self-concept. One way in which this incongruence is dealt with is to deny the external experience by saying it doesn’t exist or by distorting it. Rogers believed that such denial doesn’t work because it leads to anxiety which, in turn, may produce visceral symptoms.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: manifestations of denied threats to the self-concept.
A Milan systemic family therapist will emphasize the use of which of the following in therapy?
Select one:
A.directives
B.holons
C.maneuvers, coalitions, and games
D.circular questions
A primary goal of Milan systemic family therapy is to “help family members see their choices and to assist them in exercising their prerogative of choosing” (Gelcer, McCabe, & Smith-Resnick, 1990, p. 22).
a. Incorrect Systemic family therapists view therapy as facilitative and, therefore, avoid the use of directives.
b. Incorrect As used by Minuchin, the term “holon” refers to the concept that a phenomenon is simultaneously a whole and its parts.
c. Incorrect Maneuvers, coalitions, and games are avoided by systemic therapists because they are more directive than facilitative.
d.CORRECTFor systemic therapists, questions are not only means for obtaining information but also act as a therapeutic intervention. Circular questions help define and clarify confused ideas and behaviors and introduce new information to family members.
The correct answer is: circular questions
Which of the following sequences best describes the psychoanalytic therapeutic process?
Select one:
A.confrontation, interpretation, frustration, working through
B.clarification, frustration, interpretation, expiation
C.clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through
D.confrontation, manipulation, interpretation, silence, abreaction
In psychoanalytic psychoanalysis, the analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences involves the four processes listed in answer c.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c.CORRECTClarification and confrontation help the client become aware of the unconscious conflicts that are affecting his/her current behaviors; interpretation more explicitly links current behaviors to past events; and working through helps the client incorporate new insights into his or her personality.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
The correct answer is: clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through
Which of the following is of the LEAST concern when utilizing telepsychology?
Select one:
A.How to maintain the clients confidentiality and privacy
B.How will informed consent be obtained
C.Which technological devices will provide the best services
D.Which local and federal laws affect the delivery of telepsychological services
The correct answer is C. While telepsychology has the potential to be easily available, there are also several difficulties and risks that may be involved with its use, such as confidentiality and privacy, how to obtain informed consent, whether the psychologist can practice across state lines, awareness of differences in local laws as they pertain to the use of telepsychology, etc. While technology should be considered, it is not as significant as answers A, B, and D.
The correct answer is: Which technological devices will provide the best services
The triangular model of supervision puts emphasis on:
Select one:
A.Organizational policies
B.Professional knowledge
C.Supervisory relationship
D.Providing service to clients
The correct answer is D. Organizational policies (answer A) and professional knowledge (answer B) make up the base of the triangular model, while the supervisory relationship (answer C) is at the core, however the primary emphasis is on providing service to the clients.
The correct answer is: Providing service to clients
Practitioners of Gestalt psychotherapy consider a client’s desire to talk about his/her past as:
Select one:
A.a useful strategy for helping the client understand the present.
B.a way for the client to avoid coming to terms with the present.
C.the “second layer” of therapy.
D.a way for achieving “closure” near the end of therapy.
Knowing that Gestaltians focus on the here-and-now in therapy would have helped you identify the correct response to this question.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b.CORRECTGestalt therapists do not deny the significance of the past. However, in therapy, they encourage clients to stay in the present even when discussing past events or feelings since focusing on the past is viewed as a way to avoid the present.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: a way for the client to avoid coming to terms with the present.
Jamal Jones, an African-American client, is aloof and unwilling to talk about his personal problems during his initial therapy sessions with Dr. Curt Cooper, a Caucasian therapist. Dr. Cooper’s best course of action would be to:
Select one:
A.establish an egalitarian relationship by disclosing some personal information about himself.
B.establish credibility and authority by describing his education and previous professional experience.
C.reassure Jamal that anything he reveals in therapy is confidential.
D.recognize Jamals behavior as resistance and help him understand that it will impede the progress of therapy.
The best course of action in this situation would depend on several factors, including Jamal’s stage of racial/ethnic identify development.
a.CORRECTGiven the limited information presented in this question, this is the best answer. Sue and Sue (2003) note that African American individuals often prefer an egalitarian, personal relationship with a therapist, which the therapist can establish through self-disclosure or by discussing non-counseling issues.
b. Incorrect Establishing credibility by describing his education and experience would probably be most effective with Asian American therapy clients.
c. Incorrect Confidentiality may be an issue, but a therapist can never reassure a client that “anything” revealed in therapy is confidential (e.g., a therapist is legally and ethically required to breach confidentiality when the client is a danger to self or others).
d. Incorrect The research has shown that, for African American therapy clients, unwillingness to self-disclose is often due to factors other than resistance (e.g., healthy cultural paranoia).
The correct answer is: establish an egalitarian relationship by disclosing some personal information about himself.
Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1992) transtheoretical model is based on the assumption that an intervention is most effective when:
Select one:
A.it matches the clients stage of change.
B.it matches the clients diagnosis and symptom severity.
C.the therapist adopts the behavioral and affective style of the client.
D.the client sets his/her own therapy goals and evaluates his/her own progress.
Knowing that the transtheoretical model is also known as the stages of change model would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a.CORRECTThe transtheoretical model is based on the premise that interventions are most effective when they match the client’s stage of change. For example, clients in the precontemplation stage benefit most from information that increases their knowledge and motivation to change; while those in the preparation stage need assistance in identifying appropriate change strategies. Additional information on the transtheoretical model is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: it matches the clients stage of change.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
Select one:
A.All students attending an inner-city junior high school participate in a program designed to increase interpersonal problem-solving.
B.Recovering individuals with a history of cocaine dependence participate in a therapeutic support group.
C.School children identified as “at risk” for educational failure are provided with needed tutoring and counseling.
D.Parents of children who have received a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder attend parent management training classes.
Primary preventions attempt to reduce the prevalence of physical or mental disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases.
a.CORRECTThis program is a primary prevention. It is being offered to all students (rather than to specific students) in an effort to reduce the future occurrence of problems related to interpersonal relationships.
b. Incorrect This is an example of tertiary prevention. Tertiary preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of mental disorders.
c. Incorrect This is an example of secondary prevention. It involves providing identified individuals with appropriate interventions to reduce the occurrence of educational failures.
d. Incorrect This program may be classified as either a tertiary prevention or an intervention, depending on its specific goals.
The correct answer is: All students attending an inner-city junior high school participate in a program designed to increase interpersonal problem-solving.
Which of the following therapeutic approaches is based on the assumption that people have five basic needs (survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun) that act as the primary source of motivation?
Select one:
A.Adler’s Individual Psychology
B.Glasser’s Reality Therapy
C.Roger’s Person-Centered Therapy
D.Kelly’s Personal Construct Therapy
For the exam, you want to be familiar with the basic assumptions underlying each of the therapeutic approaches listed in the answers to this question. These are described in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Reality Therapy focuses on the choices that people make with regard to the ways they fulfill their needs and proposes that people have the five basic needs listed in this question.
c. Incorrect See explanation for reponse b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: Glasser’s Reality Therapy
In the context of psychotherapy research, a “placebo” ordinarily involves providing participants with which of the following?
Select one:
A.a treatment that is already known to be effective
B.a treatment that is already known to be ineffective
C.nontherapeutic interventions
D.nonspecific factors of psychotherapy
The concept of a “placebo” was originally derived from medical research.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECT In medical research, a placebo is an inert (inactive) substance or treatment. However, in psychotherapy research, a placebo treatment usually involves providing participants with the nonspecific factors of therapy such as attention and support.
The correct answer is: nonspecific factors of psychotherapy
The primary difference between feminist and nonsexist therapy is that, in contrast to nonsexist therapy, feminist therapy:
Select one:
A.promotes an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.
B.emphasizes political values and social change.
C.rejects sex-role stereotypes.
D.recognizes the impact of sexism on mental health.
Feminist therapy and non-sexist therapy share a number of characteristics but differ in terms of their emphasis on sociopolitical contributors to mental health problems.
a. Incorrect An egalitarian relationship is characteristic of both types of therapy.
b.CORRECTFeminist therapy is the more political of the two types of therapy and is based on the assumption that the “personal is political.”
c. Incorrect Both types of therapy reject traditional sex-role stereotypes.
d. Incorrect Recognition of the impact of sexism on mental health is also characteristic of both types of therapy.
The correct answer is: emphasizes political values and social change.
According to Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1992) stages of change (transtheoretical) model, a person in the __________ stage is planning to take action within the next 30 days that will alter his/her problematic behavior.
Select one:
A.action
B.contemplation
C.preparation
D.goal attainment
Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change model distinguishes between six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Additional information about these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect A person in the action stage is currently taking action to alter his/her behavior.
b. Incorrect A person in contemplation stage intends to take action within the next six months.
c. CORRECT A person in the preparation stage is planning to take action in the near future (usually defined as in the next month).
d. Incorrect Goal attainment is not one of the stages identified by Prochaska and DiClemente.
The correct answer is: preparation
According to Carl Rogers, a therapist is “congruent” when the therapist:
Select one:
A.is able to accurately reflect the clients feelings.
B.avoids becoming emotionally triangulated with the client.
C.avoids making judgments about the clients behaviors.
D.is authentic and nondefensive.
Rogers proposed that, for therapy to be effective, the therapist must provide three facilitative conditions - unconditional positive regard, congruence (genuineness), and accurate empathic understanding. Additional information on these conditions is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like accurate empathic understanding.
b. Incorrect This does not describe congruence.
c. Incorrect This describes unconditional positive regard.
d.CORRECTCongruence involves being genuine, authentic, and nondefensive.
The correct answer is: is authentic and nondefensive.
A feminist therapist is least likely to view which of the following as an important aspect or goal of therapy?
Select one:
A.identifying the sociopolitical and interpersonal forces that underlie a woman’s symptoms
B.reconstructing the therapeutic process so that the traditional pattern of dependence is not recreated in the therapeutic relationship
C.using the therapeutic relationship as an opportunity to model appropriate behavior
D.identifying and integrating the masculine and feminine aspects of the woman’s personality
For feminist therapists, a primary goal of therapy is helping the client understand and appropriately respond to forces in the environment that impact the client’s life.
a. Incorrect Feminist therapists emphasize the role of sociopolitical factors in maladaptive behavior and, therefore, a goal of therapy is to help the client understand that the “personal is political.”
b. Incorrect Feminist therapists regard the relationship between therapist and client as a relationship between equals and use it as a model of equality to help female clients overcome barriers created by traditional roles and relationships.
c. Incorrect Feminist therapists view the therapeutic relationship as an opportunity to model egalitarianism and other adaptive behaviors.
d. CORRECTFeminists therapist are more likely to avoid labeling aspects of the personality as “masculine” or “feminine.”
The correct answer is: identifying and integrating the masculine and feminine aspects of the woman’s personality
A family therapist would use the technique known as “prescribing the symptom” in order to:
Select one:
A.undermine the family’s resistance to change.
B.reduce tension between family members.
C.change the meaning of a situation
D.educate family members about the benefits of change.
Prescribing the symptom is a paradoxical technique that involves instructing family members to engage in the problematic behavior, often in an exaggerated form. For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the paradoxical techniques described in the section on family therapies in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials so that you can answer questions like this one.
a.CORRECTThe purpose of prescribing the symptom is to undermine the family’s resistance to changing a behavior by requesting that family members engage in the behavior. Ideally, this will cause them to rebel and engage, instead, in a more desirable behavior.
b. Incorrect This is not an accurate description of the purpose of prescribing the symptom.
c. Incorrect This is a better description of the technique known as relabeling.
d. Incorrect This is not an accurate description of the purpose of prescribing the symptom.
The correct answer is: undermine the family’s resistance to change.
A psychotherapist is most likely to say that which of the following is the single-most stress-producing aspect of his/her work?
Select one:
A.making difficult ethical and legal decisions
B.a lack of therapeutic success
C.a lack of adequate training
D.personal problems that impact therapeutic objectivity
The research on this issue was conducted over two decades ago by B. A. Farber and L. J. Heifetz [The process and dimensions of burnout in psychotherapists,Professional Psychology, 13(2), 293-301, 1982].
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b.CORRECTFarber and Heifetz found that 74% of psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers in their study identified a lack of therapeutic success as the most stressful aspect of their professional work.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: a lack of therapeutic success
Freud and Skinner share a(n) _______ view of behavior.
Select one:
A.intuitive
B.holistic
C.deterministic
D.phenomenological
Freud looked to unconscious conflicts and relied on internal structures and activities (such as the id, ego, and defense mechanisms) to explain behavior. In contrast, Skinner viewed the mind as an irrelevant construct and proposed that behavior is environmentally controlled.
a. Incorrect Intuitive refers to knowing or understanding without the use of rational processes and is not a characteristic shared by Freud and Skinner.
b. Incorrect A holistic point of view emphasizes the importance of the whole and the interdependence of the parts of the whole and is not applicable to the theories of Freud and Skinner.
c.CORRECTAlthough they had different explanations for the causes of behavior, Freud and Skinner both believed in determinism. Skinner believed that all behavior is environmentally controlled, while Freud believed in psychic determinism (i.e., that unconscious mental content is the primary cause of behavior).
d. Incorrect A phenomenological view is characteristic of humanistic theories and therapeutic approaches.
The correct answer is: deterministic
During the first therapy session with a couple who are experiencing numerous problems in their relationship, their therapist requests that, during the next week, they identify things in their relationship that they would like to continue. Most likely, this therapist is a practitioner of:
Select one:
A.solution-focused therapy.
B.Milan systemic family therapy.
C.behavioral marital therapy.
D.interpersonal therapy.
In the situation described in this question, the therapist has assigned the couple a task that will help them focus on the positive aspects of their relationship.
a.CORRECTIn solution-focused therapy, this is an example of a “formula task.” Its purpose is to help the couple identify positive aspects of their relationship that, in turn, can lead to solutions to their marital difficulties.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: solution-focused therapy.
Which of the following is an essential component of training in supervision?
Select one:
A.Knowledge of competency-based supervision models and practices
B.Understanding of the nature of the supervisory relationship
C.Ability to increase supervisees’ clinical capacity and skill
D.All of the above
The correct answer is D. All of these components are recognized as key areas for training in supervision by the APA guidelines on supervision.
The correct answer is: All of the above
Which of the following is a therapeutic approach that explicitly addresses an individual’s commitment and readiness to change?
Select one:
A.solution-oriented therapy
B.motivational interviewing
C.reality therapy
D.self-control training
This is a difficult question since it provides very little information about the intervention it is asking about. You may have been able to identify the correct response, however, through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Motivational interviewing has been defined by W. R. Miller and S. Rollinick as an approach designed to help clients build commitment and readiness to change (Motivational Interviewing, New York: Guilford, 1991). It is based on the assumption that interventions are most effective when they are matched to the individual’s level of readiness.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect Self-control techniques incorporate self-monitoring and self-reinforcement and are used for a variety of disorders. They do not explicitly address a client’s readiness to change.
The correct answer is: motivational interviewing
Dr. Clu Less attributes all of a client’s presenting problems to alcohol use when, in fact, some of the client’s problems are due to other factors. Dr. Less is exhibiting which of the following?
Select one:
A.hindsight bias
B.false consensus effect
C.diagnostic overshadowing bias
D.Barnum effect
In the situation described in this question, the therapist is attributing all of the client’s presenting problems to one salient characteristic (alcohol use) rather than considering other explanations for them.
a. Incorrect A hindsight bias occurs when an individual concludes that past events were predictable.
b. Incorrect The false consensus effect occurs when an individual overestimates the degree to which others agree with him/her.
c.CORRECTThe bias exhibited by Dr. Less is referred to as diagnostic overshadowing.
d. Incorrect The Barnum effect occurs when people are willing to accept vague descriptions of themselves (e.g., horoscopes) as accurate.
The correct answer is: diagnostic overshadowing bias
For Gestalt therapists, maladaptive behavior:
Select one:
A.is a “developmental anomaly.”
B.reflects the adoption of mistaken beliefs.
C.results from the adoption of an unhealthy life script.
D.reflects a “growth disorder.”
Like other humanistic therapists, Gestalt therapists view the individual as having an innate tendency for positive growth.
a. Incorrect This does not accurately describe the Gestaltian view of maladaptive behavior.
b. Incorrect This sounds more like cognitive views of maladaptive behavior.
c. Incorrect This is consistent with the assumptions of transactional analysis.
d. CORRECTFor Gestaltians, neurotic behavior reflects interference with natural growth and a resulting lack of integration.
The correct answer is: reflects a “growth disorder.”
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model proposed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1993) is based on the assumption that the stages of identity development reflect changes in:
Select one:
A.attitudes toward members of minority and dominant cultures.
B.types of interactions with members of minority and dominant cultures.
C.level of acculturation.
D.stage of ego identity development.
For the exam, you want to know the names and characteristics of the stages included in the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model, which are described in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a.CORRECTEach stage of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model is characterized by a different set of attitudes toward members of one’s own minority group, members of other minority groups, and members of the dominant group.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: attitudes toward members of minority and dominant cultures.
A 36-year old Asian-American woman comes to Dr. Williams, a Caucasian middle-class psychologist, at the suggestion of her physician who was unable to find a physical explanation for her symptoms. Although the woman has lived in the United States most of her life, she still lives with her parents, who are traditional in their lifestyle and values, and her social life is focused primarily in the Asian community. The woman complains primarily of physical symptoms including frequent headaches, loss of appetite, and insomnia. Being familiar with the literature on cross-cultural counseling, Dr. Williams knows she should assume an active, directive approach. This means that Dr. Williams should: Select one:
A.suggest to the woman that she would do better with an Asian-American therapist and make a referral.
B.ask the woman if she feels sad and depressed and whether any members of her family have had similar symptoms.
C.explain to the woman that it is common among Asians to experience psychological symptoms as physical ones.
D.acknowledge the woman’s symptoms and discuss what she might do to alleviate them.
Most of the literature on counseling Asian and Asian-American clients stresses the need to assume an active, directive role.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d.CORRECTAn active, directive approach doesn’t necessarily mean assigning a diagnosis, asking very direct personal questions, or making interpretations. With regard to somatic complaints, for example, D. W. Sue and D. Sue (Counseling the Culturally Diverse, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2003) recommend that the clinician acknowledge the symptoms and then recommend physical treatments before dealing with emotional factors.
The correct answer is: acknowledge the woman’s symptoms and discuss what she might do to alleviate them.
With regard to acculturation, a member of a racial/cultural minority group who adopts the values, attitudes, and customs of his/her own minority culture but rejects those of the dominant (majority) is:
Select one:
A.marginalized.
B.integrated.
C.separate.
D.assimilated.
Berry (1987) distinguishes between the four levels of acculturation listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect A marginalized individual does not identify with his/her own minority culture or with the majority culture.
b. Incorrect An integrated person identifies with his/her own minority culture but also adopts aspects of the majority culture.
c.CORRECTA person is separate when he/she rejects the majority culture and identifies with his/her own minority culture.
d. Incorrect A person is assimilated when he/she adopts the characteristics of the majority culture and rejects his/her own minority culture.
The correct answer is: separate.
According to Wrenn (1962), therapists are “culturally encapsulated” when they:
Select one:
A.consistently overemphasize the impact of cultural factors on mental health.
B.disregard cultural differences and are unaware of their own cultural biases.
C.are unwilling to work with clients who are not from their own cultural background.
D.are sensitive to cultural factors that contribute to mental health problems.
Wrenn (1962) was among the first to point out that mental health professionals frequently fail to consider the impact of culture in their work with clients.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b.CORRECTAs defined by Wrenn, therapists are culturally encapsulated when they interpret everyone’s reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes and are unaware of their own cultural biases.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: disregard cultural differences and are unaware of their own cultural biases.
Troiden’s (1988) Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) Identity Development Model predicts that individuals in the sensitization stage:
Select one:
A.realize that they are homosexual.
B.begin to come out to friends in the homosexual community.
C.feel different or alienated from their same-sex peers.
D.believe they are homosexual but try to pass as heterosexual.
Troiden’s (1988) Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) Identity Development Model distinguishes between four age-related stages: sensitization, self-recognition, identity assumption, and commitment. Additional information about these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect This is characteristic of the self-recognition stage which occurs at the onset of puberty.
b. Incorrect This is characteristic of the identity assumption stage.
c. CORRECTThe sensitization stage usually occurs in middle childhood. During this stage, the individual feels different from and experiences less opposite-sex interests than his/her peers and begins to have homosexual feelings without understanding the implications of those feelings for self-identity.
c. Incorrect This is not characteristic of the sensitization stage.
The correct answer is: feel different or alienated from their same-sex peers.
The new clients of Dr. Blanco, a Euro-American therapist, are an Asian family consisting of a grandmother, mother and father, and two children, ages 16 and 10. During an initial session with this family, Dr. Blanco would be best advised to:
Select one:
A.obtain the information needed to identify treatment goals by having each family member describe what problems the family is having.
B.establish an egalitarian relationship by disclosing personal information.
C.assess each family member’s level of acculturation before developing a treatment plan.
D.treat the family like any other family unless there is a clear reason to do otherwise.
For the exam, you want to be familiar with the general guidelines for working with members of diverse populations provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials so that you can answer questions like this one.
a. Incorrect Asking each family member to describe his/her perceptions of the family’s problems would be inconsistent with the values and customs of most Asian families. For example, members of Asian cultures typically adhere to a hierarchical family structure and traditional gender roles and place greater emphasis on the group than on the individual.
b. Incorrect Establishing an egalitarian relationship is not a strategy that has been found effective for most Asian and Asian American therapy clients who usually view the therapist as an expert and authority figure.
c. CORRECTAn initial step when working with clients from culturally diverse groups is to identify the client’s stage of racial/ethnic identity development, degree of acculturation, and worldview (beliefs, values, attitudes, etc.).
d. Incorrect APA guidelines discourage adopting a “colorblind” approach and, instead, require psychologists to always consider the impact of culture on the therapeutic process.
The correct answer is: assess each family member’s level of acculturation before developing a treatment plan.
During the course of group therapy, some members begin to express anger toward a female member because they feel she is “hiding behind a facade” rather than revealing her true self. Other members say she should be left alone. According to Irvin Yalom, this type of conflict:
Select one:
A.represents a normal stage in the group process and should be allowed to run its course.
B.is a manifestation of resistance that should be interpreted as such by the therapist.
C.should be resolved in a democratic manner.
D.should be expressed and then processed to clarify its meaning to members.
Yalom views conflict as a normal part of group therapy and considers it to be a useful therapeutic tool if handled correctly.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECTAccording to Yalom, the therapeutic use of conflict in group therapy involves two stages: experience (affective expression) and understanding of that experience.
The correct answer is: should be expressed and then processed to clarify its meaning to members.
A therapist using a multisystems approach when working with an African-American family will:
Select one:
A.focus primarily on issues related to problems in the nuclear family.
B.incorporate other key individuals, agencies, and institutions into the treatment plan.
C.focus primarily on interactions between family members that are contributing to the family’s presenting problem(s).
D.view an individual family member’s problems as the direct result of factors in the macrosystem.
N. Boyd-Franklin (Black Families in Therapy: A Multisystems Approach, New York, Guilford Press, 1989) argues that, to successfully treat African-American families, a therapist must be willing to consider and, when feasible, to intervene at multiple levels and in multiple systems.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECTEven if you are unfamiliar with the multisystems approach, its name implies that it involves addressing multiple systems such as the extended family, the church, schools, and social service agencies.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect While some problems may, indeed, be related to the macrosystem (society), not all problems would be considered the direct result of factors in that system.
The correct answer is: incorporate other key individuals, agencies, and institutions into the treatment plan.
A “teleological” approach is most associated with:
Select one:
A.Skinner.
B.Bowen.
C.Adler.
D.Freud.
A teleological approach views behavior and personality as being “pulled” by a subjective future rather than being “pushed” by an objective past (e.g., by heredity or environmental events).
a. Incorrect Skinner viewed behavior as the result of the past consequences of the behavior.
b. Incorrect Bowen is a family therapist who regards severe mental disorders (e.g., Schizophrenia) as the result of a multigenerational transmission process. Therefore, his approach would not be described as teleological.
c. CORRECTA distinguishing characteristic of Adler’s approach is its teleological explanation for behavior. Adler believed that behavior is determined by future goals.
d. Incorrect Freud viewed current behavior as the result of innate factors and past experiences.
The correct answer is: Adler.
Miracle, exception, and scaling questions are strategies used by practitioners of:
Select one:
A.solution-focused therapy.
B.interpersonal psychotherapy.
C.motivational interviewing.
D.reality therapy.
For the exam, you want to be familiar with the therapeutic strategies of all of the therapies listed in the answers to this question. These are described in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT A solution-focused therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions aimed at identifying solutions to problems, including miracle, exception, and scaling questions.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: solution-focused therapy.
A practitioner of existential therapy is most likely to say that “existential anxiety” is:
Select one:
A.a normal reaction to the constant threat of death.
B.a normal reaction to the birth trauma.
C.a sign of irresponsibility.
D.a sign of unresolved conflicts.
Existential therapies are derived from existential philosophy and share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation.
a.CORRECTFor existential therapists, behaviors commonly perceived as “maladaptive” are a natural part of being human. Existential anxiety, for example, is conceptualized as a normal response to the constant threat of nonbeing (death).
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
The correct answer is: a normal reaction to the constant threat of death.
From the perspective of Gestalt therapy, introjection is:
Select one:
A.the result of an unresolved conflict.
B.an image disturbance.
C.a boundary disturbance.
D.a defense mechanism.
Gestaltians use the term introjection to describe an overly permeable boundary between the person and the environment.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECTFor Gestaltians, neurotic behavior is often the result of a disturbance in the boundary between the person and his/her external environment. Introjection is one type of boundary disturbance and occurs when a person accepts values, beliefs, etc. from the environment without actually understanding or fully assimilating them.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c
The correct answer is: a boundary disturbance.
According to Irvin Yalom, a leading authority on group therapy, which of the following individuals is the poorest candidate for a heterogeneous outpatient therapy group?
Select one:
A.a person experiencing anhedonia
B.a person who spends an exorbitant amount of time working
C.severely psychotic individual
D.a shy person
Answer C is correct. Yalom (1985) identified several types of people who are and are not likely to benefit from group therapy.According to Yalom, heterogeneous outpatient groups are inappropriate for severely psychotic individuals (although these individuals may benefit from homogeneous groups in inpatient or other controlled settings).
a. Incorrect According to Yalom, a person experiencing anhedonia is a good candidate for group therapy.
b. Incorrect Someone who spends an exorbitant amount of time working may be a good candidate for group therapy.
d. Incorrect Yalom believed that disorders related to social interactions are amenable to group therapy.
The correct answer is: severely psychotic individual
Teddy Roosevelt was weak and ill as a child but grew up to be a robust adult and coined the term “rugged individualism.” He also became associated with the slogan “speak softly but carry a big stick.” This outcome is predicted by _________ theory of personality.
Select one:
A.Adler’s
B.Rogers’
C.Perls’
D.Jung’s
Answer A is correct: This is a fairly simple question as long as you recall that Adler is associated with the concepts of “feelings of inferiority” and “striving for superiority.”According to Adler, real or imagined organ inferiority leads to feelings of inferiority. However, people can respond to these feelings in a constructive way and pursue goals that help them achieve superiority.
The correct answer is: Adler’s
Hypnosis is best described as a response to suggestion involving:
Select one:
A.a disruption in normal reality testing.
B.an alteration in memory, mood, and perception.
C.increased compliance to situational demands.
D.a state of artificial sleep.
The mechanism underlying hypnosis continues to elude researchers although recent research has linked it to a disruption in communication between certain areas of the brain.
a. Incorrect A disruption in reality testing has not been identified as an explanation for hypnosis.
b.CORRECTM. T. Orne and D. F. Dinges, for example, conclude that the unusual behaviors exhibited by hypnotized people reflect alterations in memory, perception, and mood that occur in response to suggestion [Hypnosis, in H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (eds.),Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V, Baltimore, Williams Wilkins, 1989].
c. Incorrect Behaviors similar to those elicited from hypnotized individuals can also be elicited from non-hypnotized people in certain situations, suggesting that increased compliance to situational demands does not adequately explain the state of hypnosis.
d. Incorrect This was the explanation offered by James Braid in the late 1840s but is no longer considered valid.
The correct answer is: an alteration in memory, mood, and perception.
Gerald Caplan (1970) described a consultee's objectivity as one of the targets of consultee-centered case consultation. According to Caplan, which of the following is a potential cause of a consultee's lack of objectivity? Select one:
A.symbiosis
B.diagnostic overshadowing
C.theme interference
D.parallel process
Caplan states that the primary targets of consultee-centered case consultation are the consultee’s skills, knowledge, and/or objectivity.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c.CORRECTCaplan defines theme interference as a type of transference that occurs when a consultee’s unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or situation interferes with his/her objectivity when working with similar clients or in similar situations.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
The correct answer is: theme interference
The clients in advocacy consultation are:
Select one:
A.children.
B.people who have been declared legally incompetent.
C.members of a disenfranchised group.
D.people in a legal proceeding.
As its name implies, advocacy consultation involves acting as an advocate. It is a political form of consultation that has, as its primary goal, social change.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT The individuals listed in responses a, b, and d might be the clients in advocacy consultation, but this answer is best because it includes these individuals as well as others who may be disenfranchised.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
The correct answer is: members of a disenfranchised group.
A structural family therapist notices that, whenever Mr. Buehler talks, Mrs. Buehler and Alphonse, their 11-year-old son, contradict what he says and criticize him. The therapist would most likely describe the behavior of the mother and son as:
Select one:
A.triangulation.
B.a stable coalition.
C.positive feedback.
D.positioning.
Structural family therapists distinguish between three rigid triads - detouring, stable coalition, and triangulation. Additional information about these triads is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect For structural family therapists, triangulation occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him/her against the other parent.
b.CORRECTMinuchin used the term stable coalition to describe a relationship between two family members that involves the joining of those members against a third member, which is what is occurring in the situation described in this question.
c. Incorrect Positive feedback produces change and can be either “good” or “bad.” You’d have to know the consequences of the mother’s and son’s behavior to determine if it is acting as positive feedback.
d. Incorrect Positioning is a paradoxical technique that involves exaggerating the severity of a symptom.
The correct answer is: a stable coalition.
__________ can be viewed as a phenomenon that provides a therapist with opportunities to “hear” the message behind a client’s overt behavior.
Select one:
A.Identification
B.Primary process
C.Countertransference
D.Introjection
It’s not totally clear from the question what is being asked about, and it may have been necessary to consider the answers to understand what the question is getting at.
a. Incorrect Identification has several meanings in psychology, but this is not one of them. One definition describes it as the process of associating one’s self with other people and assuming their attitudes, behaviors, etc.
b. Incorrect Primary process is the type of thinking that is a function of the id and is guided by the pleasure principle.
c.CORRECTFreud viewed countertransference as an obstacle to the progress of therapy, but others have redefined it as a potential source of useful information about clients.
d. Incorrect Introjection also has more than one definition but none are applicable to this question. For example, Gestaltians define introjection as a boundary disturbance that involves incorporating another person’s values and beliefs into one’s own personality without fully understanding them.
The correct answer is: Countertransference
Carl Jung’s archetypes are best conceptualized as:
Select one:
A.repressed emotion-laden material.
B.universal primordial images or patterns.
C.the primary components of the ego.
D.acquired tendencies that contribute to the personal unconscious.
Jung considered the archetypes to be an important contributor to personality development.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like Jung’s complexes.
b.CORRECTArchetypes are primordial images that are part of the collective unconscious, are passed down from one generation to the next, and cause people to experience certain phenomena in a universal way.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
The correct answer is: universal primordial images or patterns.
As described by Edward T. Hall (1969), __________ communication relies heavily on nonverbal cues and group identification.
Select one:
A.high-context
B.low-context
C.symmetrical
D.complementary
The anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1969) distinguished between two types of communication - high-context and low-context - and proposed that different cultures can be described in terms of the their type of communication.
a.CORRECTHigh-context communication is anchored in the situation and relies heavily on nonverbal cues and group identification and understanding. High-context communication is characteristic of many ethnic/cultural minority groups.
b. Incorrect Low-context communication relies primarily on the explicit, verbal part of a message and is characteristic of Euro-American culture.
c. Incorrect Family therapists distinguish between two types of family communication patterns - symmetrical and complementary. Symmetrical communications reflect equality between communicators but can escalate into a “one-upsmanship” game when each participant tries to outdo the other.
d. Incorrect Complementary communication reflects inequality between communicators.
The correct answer is: high-context
From the perspective of general systems theory, if an open system is faced with an unexpected threat, it will:
Select one:
A.close down.
B.attempt to maintain a steady state.
C.defend against or adapt to it.
D.break down.
Systems theory underlies family therapy, in which a family is viewed as an open system that interacts with the environment.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c.CORRECTOpen systems respond to input by modifying or elaborating structural elements. Under some conditions, the system will react in a way that maintains homeostasis; in other conditions, the system changes or adapts to the new input.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
The correct answer is: defend against or adapt to it.
Which of the following could be an unethical use of technology?
Select one:
A.Providing clients with information on the potential security risks
B.Storing recorded sessions on an unencrypted videoconferencing system
C.Contacting patients via email to schedule an appointment
D.All of the above
Answer B is correct. According to APA guidelines on telepsychology, psychologists must protect patient information stored or streamed on devices. Using an unencrypted system increases the risk of exposing patient information. A is incorrect because informing patients about the potential security risks is a recommended practice (APA, 2013; Schwartz & Longborg, 2011). C is incorrect because psychologists may use email to convey nonclinical information as long as the patient has agreed. In this case the psychologist should still ensure confidentiality to the extent possible. D is incorrect as answers A and C are correct.
The correct answer is: Storing recorded sessions on an unencrypted videoconferencing system
Helms’s (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six statuses. The first status is:
Select one:
A.internalization.
B.integrative awareness.
C.reintegration.
D.contact.
Helms’s six identity statuses are CONTACT, DISINTEGRATION, REINTEGRATION, PSEUDO-INDEPENDENCE, IMMERSION/EMERSION, and AUTONOMY. For the exam, you want to be familiar with the order and characteristics of the six statuses, and this information is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d.CORRECTContact is the first status in Helms’s model. It is characterized by a lack of awareness of racial identity and often by racist attitudes and beliefs.
The correct answer is: contact.
To incorporate the value of personalismo into therapy, a therapist will:
Select one:
A.integrate members of the extended family into the intervention.
B.maintain a neutral attitude even when family members are discussing unpleasant topics.
C.display genuine interest in the client by asking about his/her family and work or school.
D.establish credibility early in therapy by demonstrating knowledge of indigenous healing practices.
Personalismosounds like what it is - i.e., communication that fosters warmth, rapport, and a personal connection. Therefore, you may have been able to identify the correct response to this question even if you’re unfamiliar with the application of personalismo to therapy.
a. Incorrect Integrating members of the extended family into the intervention would be consistent with the value offamilismo.
b. Incorrect Maintaining a neutral attitude is not consistent withpersonalismo.
c.CORRECTAlthoughformalismo(a formal communication style) is generally preferred by Latino/Hispanic clients during initial therapy sessions,personalismois preferred once the therapeutic alliance has been established.
d. Incorrect Demonstrating knowledge of indigenous healing practices may be important but would not necessarily fosterpersonalismo.
The correct answer is: display genuine interest in the client by asking about his/her family and work or school.
A 14-year old boy is arrested for the third time for shoplifting. His mother seems unconcerned and says “he’s just going through a phase.” His father decides to go fishing on the day of the boy’s court hearing, and his older sister says she can’t attend his court hearing because she has too much homework. From the perspective of structural family therapy, this family is best described as:
Select one:
A.disengaged.
B.closed.
C.emotionally “cut-off.”
D.skewed.
The family members described in this question do not seem to be involved in or concerned about the lives of other members.
a.CORRECTFrom the perspective of Minuchin’s structural family therapy, relationships in this family are characterized by a high degree of disengagement.
b. Incorrect A closed system does not interact with the environment. Although this family might be a closed system, this is not what is implied by the information given in the question.
c. Incorrect Emotional cutoff is associated with Bowen, not Minuchin, so it is not the best answer of those given.
d. Incorrect Marital skew is a term used by Lidz to describe a situation in which spouses attempt to maintain their marriage even though this requires a distortion of reality.
The correct answer is: disengaged.
A wife approaches her husband in an affectionate way. He pulls away from her; but when she begins to leave the room, he says in a hurt manner, “What’s wrong? Don’t you want to spend time with me?” When she protests, he ignores her. This is an example of:
Select one:
A.mystification.
B.a negative feedback loop.
C.dysfunctional communication.
D.double-bind communication.
In this situation, the husband has given inconsistent (“double”) messages to his wife.
a. Incorrect Mystification is similar to a double-bind communication, but its purpose is to mask an underlying conflict.
b. Incorrect A negative feedback loop is a corrective mechanism that allows a family system to reduce deviation and maintain stability.
c. Incorrect Although this communication is dysfunctional, this answer is too general, and answer d is a better response.
d.CORRECTWhen a person is given inconsistent messages and is unable to comment on them, this is referred to as a “double-bind.”
The correct answer is: double-bind communication.
A primary goal of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is:
Select one:
A.resolving underlying conflicts.
B.living in an authentic, meaningful way.
C.satisfying needs in responsible ways.
D.reducing or alleviating symptoms.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is based on a medical model and views depression and other mental disorders as illnesses.
a. Incorrect This is characteristic of psychotherapies based on Freudian theory.
b. Incorrect This sounds like existential therapy.
c. Incorrect This is a goal of reality therapy.
d.CORRECTAs its name implies, a primary goal of ITP is improved interpersonal relationships. However, consistent with the medical model, IPT also focuses on symptom reduction. Additional information about IPT that you want to be familiar with for the exam is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
The correct answer is: reducing or alleviating symptoms.
A practitioner of which of the following is most likely to agree that the therapist’s role is to bring unconscious issues that exist within a family to a conscious level?
Select one:
A.systemic family therapy
B.existential family therapy
C.structural family therapy
D.object relations family therapy
Practitioners of psychodynamic psychotherapy are interested in the impact of unconscious issues on current behavior, and only one of the therapies listed in the answers is a psychodynamic approach.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d.CORRECTObject relations family therapy is a psychodynamic therapy that links intrapsychic phenomena to current family relationships.
The correct answer is: object relations family therapy
When calculating an “effect size,” the most commonly used method procedures would advise you to:
Select one:
A.divide the difference between the means of the experimental and control groups by the “grand mean.”
B.divide the mean of the experimental group by its standard deviation and the mean of the control group by its standard deviation and sum the results.
C.add the mean difference between the experimental and control groups for each study and divide the result by the total number of studies.
D.divide the difference between the means of the experimental and control groups by the standard deviation of the control group.
The correct answer is D. The term “effect size” is associated with meta-analysis, which is addressed in the written study materials.There are several ways to calculate an effect size, but the most commonly used method produces a standard score, which means that it reports the effect of an intervention in terms of standard deviation units. This answer describes the formula that is used to calculate this type of effect size.
The correct answer is: divide the difference between the means of the experimental and control groups by the standard deviation of the control group.
From the perspective of Freudian psychoanalysis, anxiety is due to:
Select one:
A.the inability to “construe” an event.
B.a threat to one’s unified self-concept.
C.a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world.
D.the inability to deal with an internal or external threat.
Freud’s personality theory emphasizes conflicts between the internal instincts and the demands of reality.
a. Incorrect This best describes Kelly’s definition of anxiety.
b. Incorrect This is Roger’s view of anxiety.
c. Incorrect Horney referred to this as “basic anxiety.”
d.CORRECTOf the answers given, this is the only one that addresses internal and external threats and, therefore, is the best description of Freud’s conceptualization of anxiety.
The correct answer is: the inability to deal with an internal or external threat.
A family therapist tells a couple that their apparent inability to communicate openly (which the wife frequently complains about) is really due to their care and love for one another, which has made it possible for them to communicate on an intuitive level. This paradoxical technique is known as: Select one: A.positioning. B.reframing. C.prescribing. D.restraining.
This is one of those questions that you may have been able to answer correctly just by considering the meaning of the words listed in the answers.
a. Incorrect Positioning involves exaggerating a symptom”s severity.
b. CORRECTAs its name implies, reframing involves describing a symptom in a way that allows family members to view it from another perspective.
c. Incorrect Prescribing is probably the most commonly used paradoxical technique. It entails instructing a client to engage in the undesirable behavior.
d. Incorrect Restraining involves discouraging change by implying that attempts at change will not work or will have undesirable consequences.
The correct answer is: reframing.
A 14-year old boy engages in "acting-out" behaviors whenever his parents begin talking about separating, and his actions temporarily disrupt their discussion and plans. From the perspective of family therapy, the boy's behavior is best described as: Select one: A.scapegoating. B.a blurring of boundaries. C.positive feedback. D.an attempt to restore homeostasis.
In this situation, the boy is trying to prevent a change in the family’s status.
a. Incorrect Scapegoating occurs when a family member (the scapegoat) is placed in a role that exposes him/her to blame, criticism, etc.
b. Incorrect The boy’s behavior does not seem relevant to the concept of boundaries.
c. Incorrect Positive feedback causes change in a system, while negative feedback serves to maintain the status quo. The boy’s behavior is an example of negative feedback because it keeps the family together.
d. CORRECTHomeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain the status quo. In the situation described in the question, the boy’s behavior is serving to maintain the family system by keeping his parents together.
The correct answer is: an attempt to restore homeostasis.
According to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, an African-American therapy client in the conformity stage will most likely:
Select one:
A.prefer a Caucasian therapist.
B.be unwilling to self-disclose to a Caucasian therapist.
C.say his/her problems are directly related to racial oppression.
D.prefer a therapist who has expertise in working with African Americans.
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model consists of five stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Additional information on these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a.CORRECTDuring the initial conformity stage, African Americans have positive attitudes toward Caucasian and negative attitudes toward their own group; and, in therapy, they are likely to prefer a Caucasian therapist.
b. Incorrect This is characteristic of African American therapy clients in the dissonance, resistance and immersion, or introspection stage.
c. Incorrect This is characteristic of clients in the dissonance or resistance and immersion stage.
d. Incorrect This is true about African American clients in the introspection or integrative awareness stage.
The correct answer is: prefer a Caucasian therapist.
Providing education and job training to adolescents and young adults who have recently been released from a drug treatment program is an example of: Select one: A.primary prevention. B.secondary prevention. C.tertiary prevention. D.social intervention.
In this situation, adolescents and young adults are being provided with services that are intended to reduce the likelihood of future drug abuse (relapse).
a. Incorrect Primary preventions emphasize counteracting harmful circumstances before they have an opportunity to produce mental or physical illness.
b. Incorrect Secondary preventions emphasize the early diagnosis and treatment of disorders.
c. CORRECTRehabilitation is the goal of tertiary preventions.
d. Incorrect This is a “made up” term.
The correct answer is: tertiary prevention.
Madelyn M. strongly dislikes her older sister, Maxine, but goes out of her way to be nice to Maxine whenever they get together for family gatherings. From a psychoanalytic perspective, Madelyn is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? Select one: A.regression B.introjection C.reaction formation D.displacement
Defense mechanisms are used by the ego to prevent conscious awareness of anxiety-producing impulses, thoughts, and desires. Although defense mechanisms vary with regard to their processes and manifestations, they all represent a distortion or denial of reality and operate unconsciously.
a. Incorrect Regression involves a return or retreat to a previous stage of development.
b. Incorrect Introjection involves ascribing the thoughts and behaviors of others to oneself in order to better control one’s affective responses to those thoughts and behaviors.
c. CORRECTReaction formation involves acting in a manner opposite to one’s inclinations; i.e., defending against a disturbing impulse by actively expressing its opposite.
d. Incorrect Displacement involves a transfer of unacceptable feelings associated with one object to a more acceptable or safe object.
The correct answer is: reaction formation
