Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terminology > Chpt 15 (12) - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chpt 15 (12) - Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Hormone - Target Receptor Relationship

A
  • Hormone; secreted into bloodstream (no ducts)
  • Binds to target receptor on target gland/organ
    - Specific
    - Key in lock theory
    - 3D molecular interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands which through secretion of hormones control and regulate physiology

  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Hormones (secreted by endocrine glands); bind to target receptors on target organs&raquo_space; response (effect)
  • Target organ: contains target receptors for hormones (specific) lock-key
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls output of pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pituitary

A

Controls output of most all other Endocrine Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thyroid

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parathyroid

A

Blood calcium and phosphate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Stress reaction (fight/flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Electrolyte levels, immune function, homeostasis, long-term blood glucose control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pancreas

A

Short-term blood glucose control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Sleep cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ovaries

A

Female sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Testes

A

Male Sex Steroids (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thymus

A

Immune (T&B) cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Hormones” vs Local Tissue Hormones

A
  • Traditional Endocrine System
  • Secreted into blood stream
  • Long range effects @ target organ
  • Systemic effects (body wide)
  • “Federal Government”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones vs “Local Tissue Hormones”

A
  • Secreted from local tissue
  • Effect surrounding cells (neighbor cells)
  • Short range effect on local tissue only
  • Minor, local control
  • Regional/segmented effects
  • “State/Municipal Government”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Local tissue hormone example

  • Local communication
    - Cervix (start labor)
    - Lung (inflammatory asthma)
    - Inflammatory Response
    - Pain Signaling
  • Sub-types: PG-A, PG-E, PG-F
    - Influence depends on type
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypothalamus / Pituitary (HPO) Axis

A

Hypothalamus - brain structure involved with monitoring homeostasis

      - Secretes "releasing factors"; stimulate pituitary 
      - Produces ADH and Oxycotin - released from posterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Releasing factors:

  • ACTH - Adrenal Corticotropin Hormone
  • TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • LH - Leutenizing Hormone
  • GH - Growth Hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Releasing Factors:

  • ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pituitary

A
  • Control of most endocrine organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sella Turcica

A
  • Bone structure pituitary sets in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroid

A

Sets below larynx (Inferior)

  • 2 lobes (Isthmus in middle)
  • Thyroid Hormones:
    - Thyroxin (T4) - most abundant
    - Triiodothyroninc (T3) - most potent
    - Calcitonin - Calcium into bone; builds bone
  • Controls metabolic rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

A

Effect most all cells in body

  • Balance energy production and consumption (ATP)
  • Metabolism = sum total of all chemical rxns in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parathyroid - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Secretes by 4 glands at back of back of thyroid
  • PTH increases the blood calcium level
  • Controls the balance of Ca++ between serum and bone
    - Big effect on nerve and muscle functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thymus

A

Secretes Thymosin

  • Located in Mediastinum, between lungs
  • Results in lymphocyte (T-cell) production in lymph nodes
  • Increases cell mediated immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Supra-renal (sit atop kidneys)

Cortex - Secrete glucocorticoid (corticosteroids) such as cortisone
- Metabolic Control, Blood Sugar, Aldosterone
Medulla - Secrete epinephrine
- fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine Function - Digestive Enzymes (Lipase, Trypsin)
Endocrine Function - Islet cells
- Insulin - decreases blood sugar (glucose)
- Glucagon - raises blood glucose
- Insulin released proportionally to document of blood sugar
- Glucagon released as blood sugar lowers to raise blood sugar
- Breaks down large molecules to smaller for sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired female gonads

  • Egg (gamete) production
  • Female hormone production/secretion
    - Estrogen / Progesterone
    - Hormone cycle, Menses, Pregnancy maintenance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Testicles

A

Sperm production in seminiferous tubules
- Testosterone production
- Androgens (testosterone)
- Musulinizing
- Secondary sexual characteristics
- Muscle and Bone growth
- Libido / aggression
Testosterone is a powerful builder of muscle & bone (men & women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Aden (o)

A

Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Adren (o)

A

Adrenal Gland

31
Q

Gluc (o)

A

Glucose

32
Q

Glyc (o)

A

Sugar (glycose)

33
Q

Gonad (o)

A

Sex glands (ovaries or testes)

34
Q

Pancreat (o)

A

Pancreas

35
Q

Thyr (o)

A

Thyroid gland

36
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

37
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

38
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

39
Q

DM

A

Diabetes Mellitus

40
Q

OT

A

Oxytocin

41
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

42
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone

43
Q

GTT

A

Glucose Tolerance Test

44
Q

HCG

A

Human Chorionic Gomadotropic

45
Q

Only Endocrine Glands examined by palpation?

A

Thyroid and Testes

46
Q

Blood Hormone Levels

A

Cortisol, T3 or T4, GH …

47
Q

Oral GTT

A

Orally ingest sugar; measure insulin after about an hour

48
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

Blood glucose over 30-40days

49
Q

Post Prandial Blood Sugar

A

Blood glucose after eating

50
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

Blood glucose after not having eaten

51
Q

Thyroid Function Test (TFT)

A

THS, T3, T4 levels

52
Q

Thyroid Scan

A

Imaging test for thyroid

53
Q

Endocrine & Nervous Systems

A

Nervous - immediate short lived response

Endocrine - Slightly slower onset and longer duration

54
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Abnormally high amounts of a hormone secreted with secondary effects

Hypercortisolism - High amounts of cortisol
Hyperthyroidism - High levels of T3 & T4
Hypothyroidism - Low levels of T3 & T4
Hypoparathyroidism - Low PTH

55
Q

Excessive GH Secretion

A

Acromegaly - After growth plates close (21yrs)
- Abnormal growth of bones in face, feet, hands
- Metabolic derangements
Gigantism - Before age 21
- Excessive height; overgrowth of all body tissues
- Sexual and mental effects

56
Q

GH Hyposecretion

A

Hypopituitarism = dwarfism

57
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of ADH

     - Results in frequent urination 
     - Hypotension and dehydration can occur
58
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Under-secretion of insulin; High Blood Glucose
SIADH - Excessive ADH secretion
- Water retention: High Blood Pressure
Goiter - Enlarged thyroid gland due to thyroid dysfunction
- Can be from hyper or hypothyroidism (secretion)
- Hashimotos Thyroiditis: Autoimmune destruction of thyroid

59
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive T3/T4
- Tachycardia; Anxiety; Restlessness

Thyroid Storm - Severe Hyperthyroidism

Grave’s Disease - Autoimmune; antibodies mimic TSH
- Increased release of T3/T4; Hyperthyroidism

60
Q

Myxedema

A

Severe hypothyroidism

- Swelling in legs/hands; slowed response, dry skin, fatigue, weight gain, cognitive slowness

61
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficient PTH (hypocalcemia)

62
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Hyper-secretion of cortisol (hyper-adrenalism)

From: ACTH Hyper-secretion from pituitary; Adrenal cortex tumor secreting high amounts of cortisol

63
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hypo-secretion of cortisol

From: ACTH Hypo-secretion (pituitary); or destruction of adrenal cortex

64
Q

Diabetes Mellitus IDDM: Type 1

A

Onset before 30yrs

  • Low or no production of insulin
  • Hypoinsulinism > Hyperglycemia
  • Glucose cannot get into cells (due to low insulin)
  • High levels of glucose in blood (>120)
  • Body burns fat and protein instead
  • Glucosuria (glucose in urine)

Rx: Insulin injection

65
Q

Diabetes Mellitus NIDDM: Type II

A

Adult onset (30-65yrs)

  • Insulin levels maybe normal
  • Cells become resistant to insulin
  • Glucose cannot get into cells; hyperglycemia results
  • Obesity is risk factor
66
Q

GDM: Gestational DM

A
  • Occurs 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy

- Disappears after delivery; 20% may develop type 2 later in life

67
Q

DM Complications

A
  • Long standing DM results in several secondary complications, due to vascular damage in small blood vessels
  • Diabetes Nephropathy: Renal disease and progressive kidney failure from “glomerulosclerosis”
  • Diabetes Neuropathy: Loss of nerve function in extremities
  • Retinopathy: Damage to retina of eye scarring and exudates in retina; blindness results
68
Q

Adenectomy

A

Removal of a gland

69
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Removal of adrenal gland

70
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Removal of pituitary gland (usually due to cancer)

71
Q

Pancreatectomy

A

Excision of removal of pancreas

72
Q

Thymectomy

A

Excision of thymus gland

73
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Treat inflammatory diseases/symptoms

74
Q

Anti-hyperglycemic

A

Lowers blood sugar or increases sensitivity to insulin

75
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A
  • Treatment with Estrogen and Progesterone

- To treat climacteric symptoms of menopause, Osteopenia

Medical Terminology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions