Chapter 8 (7) - Neuro Video Notes Flashcards
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System; nerves that leave the spinal cord and intervate the body.
12 Cranial nerves intervate head
31 Spinal nerves intervate body
Somatic = voluntary Autonomic = involuntary
CNS
Central Nervous System, contains brain and spinal cord
Responsible for: Controlling, receiving, and interpreting all stimuli
Neurons
Nerve Cells
- Dendrites: Fibers that sense and bring impulses toward cell body
- Cell Body: Main processing center of cell
- Axon: Single branch which conducts nerve impulses away from cell body
Myelin Sheath & Neurilemma
Are coverings for the neurons
Synapse
Space between Axon of one neuron and dendrite of another or Axon of one neuron and muscle fiber
Neurotransmitter
Chemical release from first neurons Axon into space (synapse) that then excites second neuron
All neurons 2 basic properties
- Excitability
- Conductivity
Neuroglia Cells
Astrocytes - Starshaped cells that maintain the nutrient and chemical levels in neuron
Oligodendroglia - Produce myelin and help in supporting the neurons within CNS
Microglia - Phagocytes, they remove debris
Efferent Neurons
(Motor) Convey information from CNS to muscles and glands
Afferent Neurons
(Sensory) Carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS
Interneurons
Carry and process sensory information
Schwann Cells
Produce Myelin in PNS
4 Divisions of CNS
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
Brainstem
Connects the higher brain to Spinal Cord
- Lower brain functions: Automatic NS
- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Midbrain - Involves visual reflexes
Pons - Controls certain respiratory function
Medulla Oblongata - Regulate heart and lung functioning, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing
Cerebellum
Coordinates muskulotskeletal movement to maintain coordination, balance and posture
Cerebrum
85% mass of the brain, 2 hemispheres, contains grey and white matter
- Consciousness, language, motor control, logic
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes
Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres
Diencephalon
Deep portion of the brain
- Thalamus, Hypothalamus
- Relay center, integration of brain functions, sensation integration
- Integration of blood pressure, temp control and behavioral function
Brain
Controls bodily function and interaction with outside world
Weighs about 3lbs, 75% water, with over 100B neurons
Divisions are: Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Cerebrum
Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF) Fills space between brain and cranium
- Delivers nutrients and cushions brain
- Made in ventricles
Spinal Cord
Extends from Medulla to L2 within vertebral column and submits nerves of PNS
Regions:
- Cervical: Neck
- Brachial: Lower neck and axilla
- Lumbar: Legs and pelvis
- Sacral: Pelvis
Meninges
3 layers of connective tissue that covers Brain and Spinal Column (SC)
- Dura Mater (outer, nearest cranium)
- Arachnoid Mater (contains CSF)
- Pia Mater (closest to Brain/SC)
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
I Olfactory - Sense of smell
II Optic - Sense of vision
V Trigeminal - Motor and sensory for facial muscles
VII Facial - Taste, facial expression, salvary glands, tears
X Vagus - Speech, swallowing, heart, smooth muscle, many glands
Somatic Nervous System
Responsible for receiving and processing sensory input from skin, muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, tongue, nose and ears as well as excite the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
Automatic Nervous System
Carries impulses from the CNS to glands, various smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and various membranes
- Stimulates organs, glands and senses
Sympathetic Division of ANS
Operates when body is under stress to activate responses necessary to react to dangerous situations
Parasympathetic Division of ANS
Operates to keep the body in homeostasis or balance under normal conditions
Cerebell(o)
Cerebellum
Cerebr(o)
Cerebrum
Crani(o)
Cranium
Encephal(o)
Brain
Gangli(o)
Ganglion
Gli(o)
Neuroglia
Mening(o)
Meninges
Myel(o)
Bone marrow
Spinal Cord
Neur(o)
Nerve
Spin(o)
Spine
Thalam(o)
Thalamus
Vag(o)
Vagus Nerve
Ventricul(o)
Ventricle
Ach
Acetylcholine
ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s)
Degenerative disease of motor neurons lending to loss of muscle control and death
BBB
Blood Brain Barrier
CNS
Central Nervous System
CP
Cerebral Palsy
CSF
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
CAT scan
Computerized (axial) Tomography
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
CVD
Cerebrovascular Disease
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Absence Seizure
Mild epileptic seizure consists of brief disorientation
Agnosia
Inability to receive and understand simple stimuli
Aphasia
Loss of speech
Apraxia
Inability to use familiar objects
Aura
Symptoms which precede seizure
Cerebellitis
Inflammation of cerebellum
Dopamine
Brain chemical (neurotransmitter), lack of which causes Parkinson’s
Dysphasia
Difficult speech
Gait
Manner of walking
Grandmal Seizure
Tonic-clonic seizure
Myelitis
Spinal Chord inflammation
Neuritis
Inflammation of nerve
Palsy
Paralysis (partial or complete)
Parasthesia
Abnormal sensation (tingling)
Radiculitis
Inflammation of spinal nerve roots
Sciatica
Inflammation of Sciatic Nerve
Somnolence
Depressed mental state noted by extreme sleepiness
Syncope
“Fainting”, sudden loss of consciousness
Tics
Twitching movements; repetitive motions
Tonic-clonic
Seizure; convulsions with spasmodic jerking of limbs and LOC
TIA
“Mini-stoke”, short neurological event with recovery (no permanent neurological damage)
Gliomas
Tumors that arise from Neuroglia
Meningiomas
Tumors that arise from the meninges
Ganglion
Any group of nerve cells bunched together to form a cyst
Lobectomy
Removal of a portion of the brain
Craniectomy
Removal of part of the skull
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
Neurectomy
Surgical removal of a nerve
Analgesics
Relieve Pain
Anesthetics
Numb body locally or generally
Narcotics
Relieve pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state
Anticonvulsants
Treat epilepsy
Sedatives & Hypnotics
Relax the nerves and sometimes induce sleep
