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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 (9) - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (9) - Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

3 Major Functions

A
  1. ) Digestion - Breaking down foods into nutrients which can be absorbed
  2. ) Absorption - Passing nutrients into blood stream (small intestine)
  3. ) Elimination - Liquid to solid; deification
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2
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)

A
  • Mouth
    - Salivary Glands
    - Parotid
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas
  • Small Intestine
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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3
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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4
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending Colon
  • Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
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5
Q

Lumen

A
  • Mucosa - Innermost layer; Secretes mucus/enzymes
  • Submucosa - Connective Tissue; Strength and structure to wall
  • Muscularis - Peristalsis (contraction)
  • Serosa - Outer Covering
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6
Q

Enzymes; Chemical Digestion

A

Convert complex food molecules into smaller, simple molecules for absorption

Fat -> Lipase -> Fatty Acids

Protein -> Protease -> Amino Acids

Starch -> Amylase -> Sugars

(complex) -> (enzymes) -> (simple molecules)

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7
Q

Lips

A

Sense both temperature and texture

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8
Q

Tongue

A

Frenulum and Papillae

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9
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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10
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

Back part of tongue

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11
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

Normal tonsils

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12
Q

Posterior Pharyngeal Wall

A

Back of throat

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13
Q

Hard Palate

A

Top of mouth; Rugae

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14
Q

Soft Palate

A

Flexible muscular sheet that separates the nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx

Soft posterior part of palate

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15
Q

Uvula

A

Downward cone shaped projection at the back of the soft palate; Directs food down

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16
Q

Gums

A

Sockets hold teeth

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17
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • Parotid - located inferior to the cheekbone
  • Submandibular - located below the mandible
  • Sublingual - located in the base of the mouth below the tongue
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18
Q

Digestion In The Mouth

A
  • Salivary Glands
  • Chemical Digestion
  • Mechanical
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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

  • Muscle tube moves food into esophagus (about 5”)

Esophagus - Muscle Tube

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20
Q

Lower Sphincter

A

LES / Cardiac Sphincter

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

Contraction in wavelike motions

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22
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

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23
Q

Stomach

A
  • Fundus - 1st upper curvature, top of stomach
  • Cardia - Where esophagus enters the stomach
  • Body
  • Pylorus
  • Greater / Lesser Curvature - Greater is more surface / Lesser is less surface
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24
Q

Gastric Juices

A
  • Pepsin - digest proteins
  • HCL - Acid
  • Mucus - to protect itself from acidic environment
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25
Q

Chyme

A

Chemical substance passed into Duodenum

  • Out from stomach
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26
Q

Path of Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum - 10”, Chyme mixes with bile (fast digestion) Mixes with Pancreatic Juice (Protein and Starch digestion)
  • Jejunum - 8ft long; digestion
  • Ileum - Ileocecal Valve, enters large intestine
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27
Q

Mesentery

A

Membrane made of peritoneum

  • Contains blood supply to the small and large intestine
  • Attaches bowel to Dorsal abdominal wall
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28
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of nutrients from bowel lumen into bloodstream

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29
Q

Chyme

A

1-6hrs to move from stomach to colon

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30
Q

Colon

A

Cecum - 3 Openings:
Ileum - from small intestine
Appendix - Opening into appendix
Ascending Colon - up further to colon

Ascending Colon

Transverse Colon

Descending Colon

Sigmoid Colon

Rectum

Anus

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31
Q

Liver

A

Right upper quadrant

  • Right and Left Lobes (right is much larger)
  • Portal Triad
    - Portal Vein (Blood from Intestines)
    - Hepatic Artery (Fresh blood to liver)
    - Bile Duct (Bile into intestine)
  • Metabolism
  • Bile Production
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32
Q

Liver / Gallbladder Bile

A

Made in liver, stored and concentrated in Gallbladder

  • Dissolves fats in small intestine (Emulsification)
  • Secreted into Bile Duct
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33
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Chyme mixes: Bile from liver and Pancreatic Juices
  • Pancreatic Juices: Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin
  • Pancreatic Duct meets CBD and empties into Duodenum
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34
Q

An(o)

A

Anus

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35
Q

Append (o)

A

Appendix

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36
Q

Bil (o)

Bili

A

Bile

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37
Q

Bucc (o)

A

Cheek

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38
Q

Cec (o)

A

Cecum

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39
Q

Celi (o)

A

Abdomen

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40
Q

Chol (e) / Cholo

A

Bile

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41
Q

Cholangi (o)

A

Bile Vessel

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42
Q

Cholecyst (o)

A

Gall Bladder

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43
Q

Choledoch (o)

A

Common bile duct

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44
Q

Col (o)

A

Colon

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45
Q

Duoden (o)

A

Duodenum

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46
Q

Enter (o)

A

Intestine

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47
Q

Esophago

A

Esophagus

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48
Q

Gastr (o)

A

Stomach

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49
Q

Gloss (o)

A

Tongue

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50
Q

Gluc (o)

A

Glucose

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51
Q

Glyc (o)

A

Sugar

52
Q

Hepat (o)

A

Liver

53
Q

Labi (o)

A

Lip

54
Q

Lingu (o)

A

Tongue

55
Q

Or (o)

A

Mouth

56
Q

Proct (o)

A

Anus; Rectum

57
Q

Sial (o)

A

Saliva; Salivary Gland

58
Q

Sialadeno

A

Salivary Gland

59
Q

Stomat (o)

A

Mouth

60
Q

Buccostomatitis

A

Inflammation of cheek and mouth

61
Q

Celiotomy

A

Opening (incision) into the abdomen (Laparotomy)

62
Q

Cholangiorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing of bile duct (bile vessel)

63
Q

Choledochoplasty

A

Repair of “common bile duct”

64
Q

Labial

A

Referring to lip

65
Q

Proctodynia

A

Pain in or from the rectum

66
Q

Sialoadenitis

A

Inflammation of salivary glands

67
Q

Gastroma

A

Tumor of the stomach

68
Q

Linguoid

A

Resembling a tongue

69
Q

AST, ALT, SGOT, SGPT

A

Liver Enzymes

70
Q

BM

A

Bowel Movement

71
Q

EGD

A

Upper Endoscopy (Esophagus, Gastric, Duodenum)

72
Q

IBD

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

73
Q

IBS

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

74
Q

NG

A

Nasal Gastric

75
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by Mouth

76
Q

TPN

A

Total Parenteral Nutrition

77
Q

UGI (s)

A

Upper Gastrointestinal Series

78
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

79
Q

Anorexia

A

Loss of appetite

80
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Severe eating disorder due to body image distortion (wish to be thin)

81
Q

Bulimia

A

Binging and purging, estreme distortion of body image

Complication: Heart Failure, Hair Loss, Amenorrhea, Dental Caries, Death

82
Q

Cheilitis

A

Inflammation of the lips (unusually at corner of mouth)

83
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue

84
Q

Sialoadenitis

A

Salivary gland inflammation

85
Q

Parotiditis

A

Parotid gland inflammation

86
Q

Aphagia

A

Unable to swallow

87
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

88
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Tortuous veins in the lower esophagus

  • Secondary to elevated pressure in Portal Vein
  • Common in liver failure
  • Frequent cause of upper GI bleeding
89
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of Esophagus

  • Reflux of acid from stomach into lower stomach
  • GERD = Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
90
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Difficulty Digesting Food

91
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Stomach and Small Intestinal inflammation; Stomach flu

92
Q

Hematemisis

A

Vomiting of blood from the stomach

93
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of food to pass from esophagus into stomach

94
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Jaundice; Elevated levels of bilirubin in blood

Icterus - Yellowing of the whites of eyes

95
Q

Hepatopathy

A

Liver disease

96
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged Liver

97
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver disease; Fibrosis of Liver

98
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Stones in the gallbladder

99
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Stones in common bile duct

100
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of bile ducts

101
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder wall

102
Q

Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)

A

Mechanical bowel blockage

  • usually requires surgical intervention
103
Q

ileus

A

Lack of normal peristalsis

104
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small bowel

105
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

106
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Serious condition

  • Ulcerative colitis; Crohn’s Disease
107
Q

Irritable Bowel Disease

A

Self limited condition

  • Campy abdominal pain; Diarrhea and Consitpation
108
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of diverticula of colon

  • Causes left lower abdominal pain
109
Q

Dysentery

A

Serious form of infectious diarrhea

  • Bloody diarrhea; High fever with abdominal pain
  • Salmonella or Shigella
110
Q

Volvulus

A

Instestinal blockage from twisting of bowel loop

111
Q

Intussusception

A

Instestinal blockage from telescoping

112
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid accumulation inside abdominal cavity

113
Q

Polyposis

A

Multiple Polyps in wall of colon

114
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright red bleeding from the rectum

115
Q

Melana

A

Maroon or dark red blood in stool

116
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fat in stool

117
Q

Paracentesis

A

Removal of fluid from abdominal cavity

118
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Removal of gallbladder

119
Q

Gastrectomy

A

Removal of stomach

120
Q

Anastomosis

A

Surgical reconnection of two parts of bowel parts

121
Q

Cathartic

A

Laxative

122
Q

Antispasmodic

A

Controls intestinal spasm

123
Q

Antacid

A

Neutralizes excessive acid in stomach

124
Q

Antidiarrheal

A

Controls loose stools

125
Q

Antiemetic

A

Treats nausea

Medical Terminology (20 decks)

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