Chpater 4 part 2

Question 1

What are two quasi-experimental designs?

Answer 1

1. One-group Pretest – Posttest- Only design
   a. No control
2. Non-equivalent groups
   a. The control group is present, but they are not randomized

Question 2

What is considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments?

Answer 2

Randomized control trial design

Question 3

What are four threats to external validity

Answer 3

a. Reactivity
i. Double blind isn’t possible
b. Resentful demoralization
i. control participants feel deceived
c. Differential drop out rates
d. Lower generalizability
i. Due to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 4

Define a meta analysis

Answer 4

1. A statistical technique for combining individual effects reported in studies that address the same research question
2. Can produce highly reliable findings that are more powerful than a single paper
   a. Statistical power and precision increase greatly over a single paper

Question 5

Define manipulating independent variable

Answer 5

a. Introducing or withdrawing a variable in a way that would not have occurred naturally

Question 6

Define a clinical trial

Answer 6

a. An experiment used to test the safety/ effectiveness of a treatment

Question 7

Define placebo control groups

Answer 7

a. People who are given expectation but no treatment

Question 8

Define allegiance effect

Answer 8

a. The tendency for researchers to push for the expected results and ignore bad results

Question 9

Define comparative treatment research

Answer 9

a. Two groups of people with same condition are given different types of treatment, then compared

Question 10

Define process research

Answer 10

a. Mechanisms responsible for behaviour are the focus

Question 11

Define outcome research

Answer 11

a. Focuses on the positive and negative effects of the treatment

Question 12

Define single-case experimental designs

Answer 12

a. The systematic study of individuals under a variety of experimental conditions

Question 13

In the context of single-case experimental designs, define repeated measurement

Answer 13

a. A behaviour is measured several times to establish baseline before independent variable is manipulated
b. Helps tell if treatment really worked, as well as any variation
c. Also allows you to observe a trend

Question 14

Define a withdrawl design

Answer 14

a. Measures effectiveness of a treatment by removing it
b. Three parts
i. Baseline: condition before the treatment
ii. Beginning of treatment
iii. Withdrawal of treatment

Question 15

Define multiple baselines

Answer 15

a. Another single-case experiment design strategy
b. Treatment is started at different times across different settings
c. Allows us to rule out coincidence or some other change in a childs life

Question 16

Define endophenotypes

Answer 16

a. The genetic mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

Question 17

Define family studies

Answer 17

1. Examination of a behavioural pattern or emotional trait in the context of a family

Question 18

Define proband

Answer 18

i. The family member with the trait singled out for study

Question 19

Define familial aggregation

Answer 19

i. The tendency for a trait to run in families

Question 20

Define adoption studies

Answer 20

i. A way to separate environmental and genetic influences

Question 21

Define twin studies

Answer 21

i. Used to determine what traits are more likely to be inherited
ii. However it is still hard to separate their similar experiences and just look at genes
iii. THEREFORE BEST CASE SCENARIO: Combining adoptive and twin studies