Chapter 3 part 3 Flashcards
Define Psychophysiological Assessment
a. A specific method to assess brain structure and function, as well as a general method for assessing nervous system activity
Define an ECG
i. Measures electrical activity in the brain
Define an event-related potential in an ECG
- Brief period of change in electrical activity following stimulous
Define alpha waves in an ECG
- A regular pattern of changes in voltage in a normal, alert adult
- Many stress reducing tactics seek to increase Alpha wave activity
Define delta waves
- Normal ECG waves while a person is sleeping
Define ectodermal responding
i. Another way to test brain activity, but by using physiological responses
ii. Measures sweat gland activity
iii. Overall, however, this technique isn’t used due to high level of expertise required to accomplish it correctly
Define classification
- Effort to construct groups from data that shares similarities
Define Taxonomy
- Science word for classification
Define nosology
- Applying a taxonomic system to a medical and psychological phenomena
Define nomeclature
- Names/labels that make up the disorders in the nosology
Define a threshold
- The minimum number of criteria required to meet the definition of a disorder
Define ICD-10
International version of the DSM 5
What are three approaches to classification
i. Classical categorical approach
ii. Dimensional approach
iii. Prototypical approach
Define the classical categorical approach
- Originates in the traditional study of biology
- One set of defining criteria, when met, classify a person as suffering a particular disorder
- Mostly rejected
Define dimensional approach
- Notes the variety of symptoms, moods, and cognitions a person has, then quantifies the severity of the symptoms on scale
- Not adopted, due to disagreement about how many scales should be adopted
Define the prototypical approach
- Identifies central characteristcs of an entity, while allowing for other characteristics to be included that really wont change the designation
- A candidate just has to meet enough of the central characteristics
- Includes a wide variety of non-essential symptoms that can be used (when present) to make an accurate diagnosis
What are two issues with classification?
Reliability and predictive validity
Define predicitive validity
- The outcome of the criterion is how we judge the usefulness of the category
What was important about the DSM 3?
i. Departed radically from predecessors in two ways:
1. Atheoretical approach to diagnosis
2. Specific and detailed criteria
ii. Used a multi-faceted format to determine disorder in the context of the whole individual
What was different about the DSM 4?
i. Tried to rely on professional consensus as little as possible
ii. Based as much as possible on sound scientific data
What are three large differences in the DSM-5?
- organized into three main sections
- Use of dimensional axes to rate disorder severity
- Social and cultural considerations
What are the three main sections of the DSM 5?
i. How to use it
ii. The disorders themselves
iii. Appendix with descriptions of behaviour that don’t yet have formal diagnosis
What are three criticisms of the DSM 5?
- Comorbidity
- Emphasis on reliability over validity
- The nosology may be fundamentally flawed
What are five improvements that should be made in the next DSM?
a. Exclusive reliance on discrete diagnostic categories has not been able to achieve a satisfactory system of nosology
b. The current categories lack treatment specificity
c. There should be a great emphasis on dimensionality strategies
d. Use of spectrums to categorize similar disorders
e. Future use of brain physiology into potential diagnosis
