Chapter 9 - Transforming the Economy, 1800-1860

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

a burst of major inventions and expansions in industry

Question 2

division of labor

Answer 2

the concept of dividing up work into specific jobs (like an assembly line)

Question 3

mineral-based economy

Answer 3

an economy built on coal and metal

Question 4

mechanic

Answer 4

a skilled craftsman who invents and improves tools for industry

Question 5

Samuel Slater

Answer 5

reproduced Richard Arkwright’s British spinning cotton machinery in America

Question 6

Francis Cabot Lowell

Answer 6

Boston merchant who toured British textile mills and secretly made drawings of their machinery

Question 7

Paul Moody

Answer 7

copied and improved designs of British textile machines

Question 8

Waltham-Lowell System

Answer 8

a labor system that took young women from farm families and had them work in mills under strict moral supervision

Question 9

Sellars family

Answer 9

Philadelphia-area family of inventors responsible for many technological advancements

Question 10

Franklin Institute

Answer 10

scientific education organization founded by the Sellars family and other mechanics

Question 11

machine tools

Answer 11

machines that make parts for other machines

Question 12

Eli Whitney

Answer 12

inventor of the cotton gin

Question 13

artisan republicanism

Answer 13

ideology of production based on liberty and equality

Question 14

unions

Answer 14

organizations formed by workers to bargain for better working conditions under their master-artisan employers

Question 15

National Trades Union

Answer 15

formed by Boston and Philadelphia unions; first regional union of different trades

Question 16

labor theory of value

Answer 16

notion that the price of goods should reflect the labor required to make them and that most of the profits should go to the producers (not factory owners, middlemen, or storekeepers)

Question 17

Market Revolution

Answer 17

the dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions

Question 18

Erie Canal

Answer 18

a 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie

Question 19

steamboat

Answer 19

industrial age boat that ran on steam

Question 20

Post Office Act of 1792

Answer 20

established over 8,000 post offices by 1830

Question 21

Cyrus McCormick

Answer 21

inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company

Question 22

middle class

Answer 22

the social product of increased commerce

Question 23

self-made man

Answer 23

a central theme during the Industrial Revolution, suggesting that a respectable man could rise from poverty to greatness

Question 24

Benevolent Empire

Answer 24

a broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals

Question 25

Lyman Beecher

Answer 25

Presbyterian minister and leader

Question 26

Sabbatarian movement

Answer 26

a movement to preserve the Sabbath as a holy day

Question 27

moral free agent

Answer 27

man who could choose salvation

Question 28

Charles Grandison Finney

Answer 28

American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening

Question 29

Lydia Finney

Answer 29

carried Christian message to wives of the unconverted, set up Sunday schools or poor children, formed Female Charitable Society

Question 30

temperance movement

Answer 30

anti-alcohol reforms

Question 31

American Temperance Society

Answer 31

group formed to limit consumption of alcoholic beverages

Question 32

nativist movements

Answer 32

initiated by American-born citizens; condemned immigration and asserted superiority of Protestant religious and cultural values