Chapter 6 - Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789

Question 1

George Washington

Answer 1

general in the Continental Army; later became the first president

Question 2

General William Howe

Answer 2

British officer and commander in chief during the American Revolution

Question 3

Battle of Long Island

Answer 3

first major engagement of new Continental Army; resulted in forced American retreat to Manhattan Island

Question 4

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 4

turning point of war - British officer Burgoyne and troops were herded and attacked by thousands of American militiamen, forcing surrender

Question 5

Horatio Gates

Answer 5

leader of American troops in the Battle of Saratoga

Question 6

nonassociators

Answer 6

people who refused to join neither the Patriot nor the Loyalist side

Question 7

Robert Morris

Answer 7

chief American treasury official; secured loans from France, Holland, and wealthy colonials during the Revolutionary War

Question 8

Valley Forge

Answer 8

encampment of Washington’s Continental Army during the winter of 1777; resulted in thousands of deaths and casualties from malnutrition and disease

Question 9

Baron von Steuben

Answer 9

former Prussian military officer who joined the American cause and drilled soldiers into professional militarism at Valley Forge

Question 10

Comte de Vergennes

Answer 10

French foreign minister who was determined to avenge the loss of Canada in the Great War for Empire, thus advocating for France to join the American cause (formally declared after victory at Saratoga)

Question 11

Louis XVI

Answer 11

French monarch who aided colonists during the Revolutionary War

Question 12

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Answer 12

defensive treaty of alliance between France and America

Question 13

Ethiopian Regiment

Answer 13

army of slaves led by Lord Dunmore for the British cause

Question 14

Philipsburg Proclamation

Answer 14

declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain

Question 15

Sir Henry Clinton

Answer 15

British officer who captured southern regions as an effort to enlist slaves in the British army

Question 16

General Nathanael Greene

Answer 16

Continental general who forced British officer Charles Cornwallis and troops to abandon the Carolinas and head to Virginia

Question 17

General Benedict Arnold

Answer 17

general who betrayed the colonies (who he originally fought for) and switched to the British side

Question 18

Battle of Yorktown

Answer 18

French and American forces cornered Cornwallis’s army, forcing surrender and ending the war

Question 19

“currency tax”

Answer 19

an implicit tax on Continental bills as a result of rampant inflation

Question 20

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Answer 20

Great Britain formally recognizes American independence and relinquishes land claims south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River (consequently forcing Indians to cede land)

Question 21

Treaty of Versailles (1783)

Answer 21

Britain made peace with France and Spain (neither American ally gained much)

Question 22

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

Answer 22

created one-house legislature with complete power and no governor to exercise a veto

Question 23

mixed government

Answer 23

British Whig theory where the monarch, the House of Lords, and the Commons share power

Question 24

Abigail Adams

Answer 24

wife of John Adams; demanded equal legal rights for married women

Question 25

Judith Sargent Murray

Answer 25

author of “On the Equality of the Sexes” - argued that men and women had equal capacities for memory and that women had superior imaginations

Question 26

Articles of Confederation

Answer 26

written document defining the Union as a confederation of equal states, with no executive and limited powers, existing mainly to foster a common defense

Question 27

Ordinance of 1784

Answer 27

established principle that territories could become states as their populations grew

Question 28

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 28

mandated rectangular grid system of surveying and specified minimum price of $1 per acre, placed limits on sizes of land parcels

Question 29

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 29

created territories that would later become Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin; prohibited slavery, supported schools, promised that Congress would appoint a governor and judges to each territory until the population reached 5,000 free adult men (at which point citizens could elect a legislature), promised application to join the Confederation once the population reached 60,000

Question 30

Shays’s Rebellion

Answer 30

uprising led by angry farmers in western Massachusetts (many of them Revolutionary War veterans) protesting taxation policies of eastern elites who controlled the state’s government

Question 31

Constitution of 1787

Answer 31

created new two-level political federation in which national government would exercise delegated powers while existing state governments would retain authority over everything else

Question 32

The Philadelphia Convention

Answer 32

meeting of 55 American delegates to debate, draft, and sign the Constitution

Question 33

Virginia Plan

Answer 33

a scheme for powerful national government devised by James Madison (supported by larger states)

Question 34

New Jersey Plan

Answer 34

devised by William Paterson; gave national government minimal powers and preserved state control of individual laws and guaranteed their equality (supported by smaller states)

Question 35

The Great Compromise

Answer 35

agreement to have an upper chamber (Senate, two representatives per state) and lower chamber (House of Representatives, representatives based on population) in national legislature

Question 36

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 36

agreement that every slave be counted as three-fifths of a free person for purposes of taxation and representation

Question 37

Federalists

Answer 37

supporters of the Constitution and centralized government

Question 38

Antifederalists

Answer 38

opposers of the Constitution and centralized government

Question 39

Federalist Papers

Answer 39

a series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in support of Federalism; they influenced leaders throughout the country to support the new Constitution - John Jay got sick after writing 5, James Madison wrote 29, and Hamilton wrote the other 51

Question 40

Federalist No. 10

Answer 40

one of the Federalist Papers in which Madison challenged the view that republican governments only worked on a small scale, arguing that a large state would better protect republican liberty

Question 41

James Madison

Answer 41

American statesman, political theorist, and fourth president

Question 42

John Adams

Answer 42

Founding Father and second president (as well as first vice president)

Question 43

John Hancock

Answer 43

politician, entrepreneur, and soldier famous for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence