Chapter 7 - Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787-1820 Flashcards
first presidential cabinet
Thomas Jefferson - Department of State, Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox - Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
established a federal district court in each state, three circuit courts to hear appeals, and the Supreme Court; specified that state cases involving federal laws could be appealed to the Supreme Court
Bill of Rights
first ten amendments to the Constitution; safeguarded fundamental personal rights
Report on the Public Credit
controversial report by Alexander Hamilton; asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors
Bank of the United States
jointly owned by private stockholders and federal government; proposed by Hamilton to make loans to merchants; handle government funds, issue bills of credit
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist leader and first Secretary of the Treasury - wanted to make a national bank and fought Jefferson about it
Report on Manufactures
report by Alexander Hamilton; urged expansion of American manufacturing and moderate revenue tariffs
(New) Federalists
supporters (generally northerners) of Alexander Hamilton and his visions for America
(Democratic) Republicans
sub-sect of Federalists who disagreed with Alexander Hamilton’s policies; generally southerners led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
issued by President Washington; declared America neutral in the conflict between France and Britain (therefore allowing merchants to trade with both of them)
French Revolution
French movement to abolish feudalism and establish constitutional monarchy; inspired by the American Revolution
Jacobins
radical democratic group formed during the French Revolution
Whiskey Rebellion
to protest Hamilton’s tax on spirits, rebels assailed tax collectors who took their money; dispersed by Washington’s militia force of 12,000
Jay’s Treaty
1795 treaty between U.S. and Britain, negotiated by John Jay; accepted Britain’s right to stop neutral ships and allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures while requiring British to remove troops and Indian agents from Northwest Territory
Haitian Revolution
inspired by American and French revolutions; thousands of refugees fled the island and came to America
XYZ Affair
1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rejected for refusing to pay a substantial bribe; led to undeclared maritime war
Naturalization Act
lengthened residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years
Alien Act
authorized deportation of foreigners
Sedition Act
prohibited publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
passed by these state legislatures in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts - set forth a states’ rights interpretation of the Constitution
Little Turtle
chief of the Miami Indians; led the Western Confederation (a coalition a tribes) to defeat expeditionary forces of Americans sent by President Washington
John Adams
Federalist and second president
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
acknowledged Indian ownership of Ohio land - then Americans paid Western Confederacy to cede most of the land and accept American sovereignty
Eli Whitney
inventor of the cotton gin
John Marshall
Federalist chief justice of the Supreme Court during Jefferson’s presidency
Judiciary Act of 1801
created sixteen new judgeships and other positions in the Supreme Court
Maybury v. Madison (1803)
Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review
Louisiana Purchase
sold by Napoleon, who feared American invasion, to Thomas Jefferson for $15 million in 1803
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson’s secretary and an army officer, respectively, who were sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territory
Sacagawea
Shoshone Indian woman who served as a guide and translator for Lewis and Clark
Napoleon
French military and political leader who came to control much of Europe
Embargo Act of 1807
prohibited American ships from leaving home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting U.S. trade
Tecumseh
Shawnee war chief who revived the Western Confederacy and urged Indians to shun Americans and return to their old ways
Battle of Tippecanoe
attack on Shawnee Indians by American forces (led by William Henry Harrison); led to massive casualties for both sides
War of 1812
declared by U.S. on Britain for violation of commercial rights as a neutral nation
Henry Clay
Speaker of the House of Representatives who pushed Madison towards the War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
ended War of 1812 due to exhaustion on both sides; retained prewar borders in the U.S.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
agreement where John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the U.S.
Monroe Doctrine
warned Spain and other European powers to stay away from the newly independent republics in Latin America and that the American continents were “not subjects for further colonization”
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State under James Monroe and sixth president
