Chapter 11 - Religion and Reform, 1800-1860

Question 1

individualism

Answer 1

the radical new pattern of Americans being no longer attached by class, caste, association, or family

Question 2

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 2

New England essayist and philosopher who advocated for individualism

Question 3

American Renaissance

Answer 3

mid-nineteenth century flourishing of literature and philosophy

Question 4

transcendentalism

Answer 4

intellectual individualist movement rooted in New England

Question 5

lyceum movement

Answer 5

transcendental movement of lecture tours by influential people

Question 6

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 6

New England intellectual who sought inspiration from the natural world (inspired by Emerson)

Question 7

Margaret Fuller

Answer 7

transcendental thinker who explored the possibility of freedoms for women

Question 8

Walt Whitman

Answer 8

transcendental poet who believed in the power of a collective democracy

Question 9

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Answer 9

author of The Scarlet Letter, which demonstrated a pessimistic transcendental-era worldview

Question 10

Herman Melville

Answer 10

author of Moby Dick, which demonstrated the consequences of having a lack of self-restraint

Question 11

utopia

Answer 11

an ideal community

Question 12

Shakers

Answer 12

United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing

Question 13

Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann)

Answer 13

leader of the Shakers

Question 14

Charles Fourier

Answer 14

French reformer who devised an eight-stage theory of social evolution (predicted decline of capitalist values)

Question 15

Albert Brisbane

Answer 15

leading American disciple of Fourier’s theory

Question 16

socialism

Answer 16

political and economic theory of social organization that suggests production, distribution, and exchange be regulated by the community as a whole

Question 17

perfectionism

Answer 17

evangelical Protestant movement whose followers believed that Christ had already returned to earth, therefore people could aspire to sinless perfection in their lives

Question 18

Oneida

Answer 18

location of John Humphery Noyes’s perfectionist community

Question 19

Mormonism

Answer 19

conservative belief system centered around close-knit communities and patriarchal power; founded by Joseph Smith Jr.

Question 20

minstrelsy

Answer 20

theatrical theme of white actors (in blackface) depicting blacks as lazy, irresponsible, unintelligent, etc.

Question 21

abolitionism

Answer 21

the antislavery movement

Question 22

Nat Turner

Answer 22

slave leader of a violent rebellion in Virginia

Question 23

Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 23

killing of over 50 whites by Nat Turner’s group of Virginian slaves; resulted in a white militia putting slave heads on poles as a warning

Question 24

David Walker

Answer 24

African American abolitionist; author of An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Question 25

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 25

radical and determined abolitionist; co-founder of American Antislavery Society

Question 26

Underground Railroad

Answer 26

informal network of whites and free blacks who assisted fugitives on their path to a safer life

Question 27

Harriet Tubman

Answer 27

former slave who repeatedly risked her life by returning to the South to help slaves escape

Question 28

Fugitive Slave Law (1793)

Answer 28

allowed slave owners and slave catchers to seize suspected runaways and return them to bondage

Question 29

amalgamation

Answer 29

racial mixing and intermarriage

Question 30

gag rule

Answer 30

informal Congressional agreement to table antislavery petitions

Question 31

separate sphere

Answer 31

the perceived role of women, indicating that they should remain in the domestic side of life

Question 32

Female Moral Reform Society

Answer 32

women’s organization that provided moral guidance for working young women

Question 33

Dorothea Dix

Answer 33

advocate for the creation of state asylums for the mentally ill

Question 34

domestic slavery

Answer 34

the notion that traditional gender roles locked women into a slave-level status

Question 35

married women’s property laws

Answer 35

sets of laws that gave women control over the property they brought into a marriage

Question 36

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 36

the first gathering of women’s rights activists

Question 37

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 37

drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention; alluded to the Constitution by stating that “all men AND women are created equal”

Question 38

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 38

leading figure of the early women’s rights movement

Question 39

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 39

leading activist for women’s suffrage