Chapter 9: Molecular Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a gene?
A
A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
2
Q
The actual physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism
A
Phenotype
3
Q
Cells that have single chromosomes not paired
A
Haploid
4
Q
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
A
Mutation
5
Q
Cells that have chromosomes that are paired
A
Diploid
6
Q
The genetic make-up of an organism
A
Genotype
7
Q
The number of genes in diploid cells of mice is estimated to be about _____________.
A
30,000
8
Q
A molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits that are linked together is called a:
A
Polymer
9
Q
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
A
1- a sugar
2- a nitrogen-containing base
3- a phosphate group
10
Q
What are the four bases found in DNA?
A
1- adenine
2- guanine
3- cytosine
4- thymine
11
Q
Which base is paired with adenine in the DNA molecule?
A
Thymine
12
Q
Name three major difference between the structure and chemical makeup of DNA and RNA.
A
1- the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose
2- In eukaryotes, DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded
3- One of the bases in DNA is thymine, in RNA, it is replaced by Uracil.
13
Q
What is the product of protein?
A
Translation
14
Q
What is the product of DNA?
A
Replication
15
Q
What is the product of RNA?
A
Transcription
16
Q
Where does replication take place?
A
In the nucleus
17
Q
The product of transcription is a molecule of ____________.
A
RNA
18
Q
Which of the following statements best describes mRNA?
A- it contains all the cells’s genetic information
B- it carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
C- it provides the chemicals necessary to construct the ribosomes
D- it is generally double-stranded
A
B- it carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
19
Q
Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using the _________ test.
A
Western blot
20
Q
Which of the following techniques is used to clone DNA? A- western blot B- transcription C- translation D- polymerase chain reaction
A
D- polymerase chain reaction
21
Q
___________________ is the process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits into two identical cells,
A
Mitosis
22
Q
________________ is a form of cell division that ovaries and testes undergo during the process of sexual reproduction.
A
Meiosis
23
Q
Using western blot, what enables visualization of the protein? A- Saline B- Iodine C- Gel D- Antibodies
A
D- Antibodies
24
Q
What biomolecule carries the cell’s gentic information across the nuclear membrane? A- Chromatin B- DNA C- Nucleotide D- mRNA
A
D- mRNA
25
```
What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together?
A- Polymer
B- Repeating sequence
C- Building block
D- Paring molecule
```
A- Polymer
26
```
What is the product of replication?
A- RNA
B- Enzyme
C- Protein
D- DNA
```
D- DNA
27
```
What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many circles in a PCR machine?
A- Amplification
B- Biolumination
C- Attenuation
D- Extraction
```
A- Amplification
28
Which statement applies to haploid cells?
A- They have only one copy of each chromosome
B- They always exist in pairs
C- They contain two nuclei
D- They are somatic cells
A- They have only one copy of each chromosome
29
```
Where does transcription take place?
A- In the nucleus
B- In the lysosomes
C- Within the nuclear membrane
D- In the ribosomes
```
A- In the nucleus
30
```
What is the product of translation?
A- DNA
B- Protein
C- RNA
D- Enzyme
```
B- Protein
31
Which statement is TRUE regarding mitosis and meiosis?
A- Mitosis results in two haploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four diploid daughter cells
B- Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
C- Mitosis results in four haploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in two diploid daughter cells
D- Mitosis results in four diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in two haploid daughter cells
B- Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
32
```
For which function is RNA vital?
A- Maintenance of cell structure
B- Production of protein
C- Transfer of materials into and out of the cell
D- Extraction and handling of energy
```
B- Production of protein
33
```
In which process do diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo cell division?
A- Meiosis
B- Replication
C- Mitosis
D- Mutation
```
A- Meisos
34
```
Where does translation take place?
A- In the nucleus
B- In the lysosomes
C- In the ribosomes
D- Within the nuclear membrane
```
C- In the ribosomes
35
```
After collecting DNA, what step is done before cutting it into smaller fragments?
A- Applying it to a gel
B- Purifying it
C- testing it for a specific trait
D- Adding restriction enzymes
```
B- Purifying it
36
```
Which of the following procedures determines the level of mRNA transcripts in sample?
A- Electrophoresis
B- Eastern blot
C- Quantitative RT-PCR
D- Western blot
```
C- Quantitative RT-PCR
37
```
In which process are germ cells produced?
A- Mutation
B- Replication
C- Mitosis
D- Meiosis
```
D- Meiosis
38
Which statement is TRUE regarding cell division?
A- A haploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
B- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
C- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis
D- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis
B- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
39
```
What is the product of transcription?
A- Enzyme
B- Protein
C- DNA
D- RNA
```
D- RNA
40
What is the one base that differs in RNA as compared to DNA?
A- RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
B- RNA has adenine where DNA has uracil
C- RNA has thymine where DNA guanine
D- RNA has cytosine where DNA has thymine
A- RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
41
```
In protein synthesis, during which step is messenger RNA formed?
A- The bond of DNA with a lipid
B- The transcription of DNA
C- The flow of DNA into the cytoplasm
D- The attachment of DNA to a ribosome
```
B- The transcription of DNA
42
How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?
A- It is easy to get a fluorescent signal from most contaminated surfaces
B- Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement
C- Heat and humidity do not affect detection of organic material
D- Common bacteria, such as E. coli, enable cloning of any DNA present
B- Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement
43
```
Which of the following are the weakest bonds in DNA?
A- Sugar-phosphate
B- Sugar-base
C- They are all the same
D- Base-base
```
D- Base-base
44
```
Which statement applies to haploid cells?
A- Their chromosomes exist in pairs
B- They contain no nucleus
C- They are germ cells
D- They always exist in pairs
```
C- They are germ cells
45
```
Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm?
A- Bonding of nucleotides
B- Replication
C- Translation
D- Transcription
```
D- Transcription
46
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA in sample into several smaller pieces?
A- They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites
B- They react with the sugar in the nucleotides and the DNA splits into these subunits
C- They work on the hydrogen bonding sites of the base pairs of the DNA double helix
D- They separate amino acid chains at the “stop” codons
A- They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites
47
```
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:
A- separate the DNA fragments
B- isolate genes
C- cut the DNA into fragments
D- Clone the DNA fragments
```
D- Clone the DNA fragments
48
Which statement is FALSE regarding the collection and purification of DNA?
A- After purification, DNA is collected as a pellet in the bottom of centrifuge tube
B- Contents of broken cells, including protein and DNA, are released into a solution
C- DNA is purified through a series of steps of dissolution and centrifugation
D- Collecting DNA involves physically breaking open some cells
D- Collecting DNA involves physically breaking open some cells
49
```
When does replication occur in mammalian cells?
A- When the egg and sperm unite
B- When the cell needs extra energy
C- During active protein synthesis
D- Before the cells divide
```
D- Before the cells divide
50
```
The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called:
A- Genetic engineering
B- Inserting a mutation
C- In vitro fertilization
D- Breeding for traits
```
A- Genetic engineering
51
```
Which bases can pair together in DNA?
A- Guanine-Guanine
B- Guanine-Adenine
C- Guanine-Cytosine
D- Guanine-Thymine
```
C- Guanine-Cytosine
52
What best describes a mutation?
A- A permanent change in the appearance of an animal
B- The differences between fraternal twins
C- A change in the DNA sequence of an animal that was inherited
D- A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells
C- A permanent change int he DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells
53
```
Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nuclear to make protein in the cytoplasm?
A- Translation
B- Replication
C- Bonding of nucleotides
D- Transcription
```
D- Transcription
54
```
Which organelle uses information contained in the mRNA to connect amino acids and form a protein?
A- Lysosome
B- Ribosome
C- Mitochondria
D- Vacuole
```
B- Ribosome
55
```
In which process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells?
A- Mitosis
B- Mutation
C- Replication
D- Meiosis
```
A- Mitosis
56
```
Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using:
A- Western blotting technique
B- Bacteria
C- Specific antibodies
D- Electrophoresis
```
B- Bacteria
57
```
In which process are germ cells produced?
A- Mitosis
B- Meiosis
C- Mutation
D- Replication
```
B- Meiosis
