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LATG > Chapter 12: Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 reasons that the immune system can be overwhelmed allowing infection to lead to disease.

A

1- the infectious load is high
2- the virulence of the microbe is great
3- the immune system is compromised

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2
Q

What is another name for acquired immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q 
In immunology, the term “attenuated” is often used. Which of the following best describes its meaning?
A- originating from the outside
B- weakened
C- incapable of reproduction
D- disease-causing
A

B- weakened

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4
Q

True or False

The same MIC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species.

A

False

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5
Q

What chemical messenger do macrophages and granulocytes release to escalate the immune response?

A

Cytokines

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6
Q

Which immune system are T lymphocytes associated with?

A

Acquired immune system

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7
Q

Which immune system are interferon associated with?

A

Innate immune system

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8
Q

Which immune system are antibodies associated with?

A

Acquired immune system

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9
Q

Which immune system is unbroken skin associated with?

A

Innate immune system

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10
Q

Which immune system is high acidity in the stomach associated with?

A

Innate immune system

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11
Q

Which immune system are plasma cells associated with?

A

Acquired immune system

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12
Q

True or False

An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance

A

True

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13
Q

True or False

The acquired immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.

A

True

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14
Q

Antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells?

A

B cells and plasma cells

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15
Q

What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?

A

1- recognition
2- amplification
3- resolution

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16
Q

What two types of molecules participate in the recognition step of an acquired immune response?

A

1- signal molecule

2- receptor molecule

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17
Q

Which of the following cells participate in the acquired immune response?

  • macrophages
  • fibroblasts
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • erythrocytes
  • dendritic cells
A
  • macrophages
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • dendritic cells
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18
Q

Which of the following statements is/are true of phagocytes?
A- they secrete antibodies
B- they engulf foreign materials
C- they have more than one nucleus
D- they are a component of the acquired immune system

A

B- they engulf foreign materials

D- they are a component of the acquired immune system

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19
Q

Which cells secrete specialized factors that carry messages to other immune system cells?

A

Helper T cells

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20
Q

True or False

Each antibody molecule can bind several different kinds of antigens.

A

False

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21
Q

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

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22
Q

Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that destroy foreign materials that were engulfed by phagocyctic cells?

A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

Describe two ways by which active immunity can develop.

A

1- following exposure to an infectious agent

2- after inoculation with the attenuated or killed infectious agent

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24
Q

During which phase of an immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

A

The log phase

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25
What is the term for the secondary immune response?
Anamnestic response
26
List two advantages associated with using dead viruses in vaccines
1- they cannot cause disease | 2- they are generally more stable
27
What is the term used to describe an animal with a normal immune system?
Immunocompetent
28
Name three ways by which an individual can naturally acquire an immune disease
1- inherit it 2- acquire it through infection or illness 3- as a side effect of some drug treatment
29
``` AIDS is an example of: A- a primary immunodeficiency disease B- a secondary immunodeficiency disease C- an immune hypersensitivity D- a chronic immune complex disease ```
B- a secondary immunodeficiency disease
30
True or False When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.
True
31
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to which species?
Nonhuman primates
32
Which cell populations are lacking in SCID mice?
T cells and B cells
33
Which of the following precautions should be taken when housing immunodeficienct mice? A- they should be given sterilized feed and water B- they should not be cross-bred with other immunodeficienct mice C- they should be kept in an air-filtered environment D- they should be handled aseptically E- the husbandry chores for these animals should be done after all other animals are cared for to prevent their disease from spreading to the general animal population F- cage changing should be done in a laminar flow work station
A- they should be given sterilized feed and water C- they should be kept in an air-filtered environment D- they should be handled aseptically F- cage changing should be done in a laminar flow work work station
34
What is the term you would use to describe a graft transplanted between individuals of the same species?
Allograft
35
What is self-recognition?
The recognition of cells and tissues as self or foreign
36
What are epitomes?
Fragment of an antigen bound to a molecule
37
True or False Antigenicity is the degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response
True
38
True or False A passive immunization allows for permanent resistance to an antigen.
False
39
True or False Radiation exposure can cause immunosuppression
True
40
``` AIDS is an example of which type of disease? A- primary immunodeficiency disease B- immune hypersensitivity C- secondary immunodeficiency disease D- chronic immune complex disease ```
C- secondary immunodeficiency disease
41
What are epitopes? A- sites where antibodies are produced B- sites on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system as nonself C- sites in the body where immune system cells are produced D- immune reactions that occur in the extracellular fluids in tissues
B- sites on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system as nonself
42
``` Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between two identical twins? A- allograft B- isograft C- immunograft D- xenograft ```
B- isograft
43
``` What is another term for antibody-mediated response? A- extracellular response B- humoral response C- secondary response D- rapid response ```
B- humoral response
44
``` What is another term for macrophages? A- antigen-presenting cells B- plasma cells C- neutral cells D- killer cells ```
A- antigen-presenting cells
45
``` Which enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria? A- pepsin B- lysozyme C- amylase D- lipase ```
B- lysozyme
46
``` Which cell lineage is affected in XID mice? A- null cell B- T cell C- dendritic cell D- B cell ```
D- B cell
47
What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response? A- the serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response B- it takes longer to reach the log phase C- the antibody level decrease more rapidly than in the primary response D- the response is shorter than the primary response
A- the serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response
48
``` Which of the following is a type of acquired immune response? A- complement-mediated B- antigen-mediated C- surface-mediated D- antibody-mediated ```
D- antibody-mediated
49
``` Which cells are generated by the thymus, bone marrow, liver, and spleen and are found in large numbers in the lymphatic system? A- macrophages B- leukocytes C- red blood cells D- platelets ```
B- leukocytes
50
``` What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen? A- IgD B- IgM C- IgE D- IgA ```
B- IgM
51
``` B cells and plasma cells are part of the _______-mediated immune response. A- cell B- antibody C- RNA D- peripheral ```
B- antibody
52
``` Which immunoglobulin is associated with hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma? A- IgA B- IgD C- IgE D- IgM ```
C- IgE
53
What is the role of cytokines? A- they identify substances as foreign B- they coat the invading microorganism and prevent it from penetrating healthy cells C- they transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance D- they initiate immune response to a substance recognized as nonself
C- they transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance
54
``` What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals? A- IgE B- IgD C- IgG D- IgA ```
D- IgA
55
``` During which phase of a primary immune response fo the antibodies become detectable in the serum? A- the lag phase B- the decline phase C- the plateau phase D- the log phase ```
D- the log phase
56
``` Which cells have a similar role to macrophages in presenting the antigen to other cells? A- helper T cells B- T cells C- dendritic cells D- null cells ```
C- dendritic cells
57
``` What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance? A- activation, processing, response B- activation, recognition, response C- recognition, amplification, response D- recognition, activation, response ```
C- recognition, amplification, response
58
``` The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant? A- allograft B- isograft C- immunograft D- xenograft ```
D- xenograft
59
``` Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species? A- allograft B- immunograft C- isograft D- xenograft ```
A- allograft
60
``` Which is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum? A- IgE B- IgD C- IgA D- IgG ```
D- IgG
61
``` Which cell type is a component of the innate immune system? A- red blood cells B- phagocytes C- T cells D- B cells ```
B- phagocytes
62
``` An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells? A- macrophages B- B cells C- killer cells D- T cells ```
B- B cells
63
How would you classify the athymic mouse’s immunodeficiency? A- as an immune hypersensitivity B- as a chronic immune complex disease C- as a secondary immunodeficiency disease D- as a primary immunodeficiency disease
D- as a primary immunodeficiency disease
64
``` What provides the body with its first line of defense against foreign substances? A- innate immune system B- lymphocytes C- antibodies D- antigens ```
A- innate immune system
65
Which of the following best defines the term “antigen”? A- a substance that is a component of the cytoplasm of lymphocytes B- a molecule that helps the body rid itself of foreign substances C- a substance that is recognized as “nonself” D- a molecule that helps fight immune diseases
C- a substance that is recognized as “nonself”
66
Which treatment is commonly used in laboratory animals to prevent transplant rejection? A- long term dietary supplements to boost rejection resistance B- radiation exposure to kill immune system cells C- blood transfusions to increase the level of B cells and T cells D- heavy doses of antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections in the transplanted tissue
B- radiation exposure to kill immune system cells
67
``` Which immune system cells secrete antibodies? A- T cells B- Natural killer cells C- B cells D- Macrophages ```
C- B cells
68
``` Which of the following is a type of interferon? A- Receptor B- Phagocyte C- Beta D- Selective ```
C- Beta
69
Which statement applies to chronic immune complex diseases? A- The immune system is depressed for a period of time following radiation therapy B- The immune system attacks the body’s own cells C- There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream D- The immune system overreacts to the prescience of an antigen
C- There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream
70
Which of the following statements is true of phagocytes? A- They secrete antibodies B- They are a component of the adaptive immune system C- They engulf foreign material D- They have more than one nucleus
C- They engulf foreign material
71
``` Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice? A- Macrophages and T cells B- B cells and macrophages C- T cells and B cells D- T cells and null cells ```
C- T cells and B cells

LATG (23 decks)

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