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LATG > Chapter 10: Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Genetic Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes genetic engineering?
A- introducing foreign DNA into adult tissue cells
B- manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition
C- modifying the number of genes in an animal’s cells
D- changing the phenotype of an animal

A

B- manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition

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2
Q

___________________ refers to introducing additional DNA into the genome of an animal.

A

Transgenesis

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3
Q

True or False

Most genes are specific to one species and are not found in animals of another species or genus.

A

False

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4
Q

Name two major differences between pronuclear injection and gene-targeted mutation

A

1- with pronuclear injection, fragments of DNA are integrated into random locations on the chromosomes; in gene-targeted mutation the fragment integrates at a specific location
2- with pronuclear injection, many copies of the transgene may integrate into the genes; in gene-targeted mutation, only one transgene copy is integrated

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5
Q

List the standard types of access to a mouse breeding room

A

1- full access
2- limited access
3- barrier

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6
Q

Which observation should be made when a female has pups?
A- the condition of the nest
B- whether the dam is lying on top of the pups
C- how many pups were born
D- all of the above

A

D- all of the above

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7
Q

True or False

Pronuclear injection provides the scientist with a more specific tool than gene-targeted mutation for placement of the transgene.

A

False

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8
Q

List three ways that phenotype may be assessed

A

1- clinical examination
2- assessment of reproductive performance and fertility
3- neurological tests

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9
Q

List common stressors that may disrupt a recipient female’s care of the pups

A

Cage disturbances, loud and/or sudden noises, vibrations, lighting changes, personnel changes

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10
Q 
Which of the following alles would be found in a hemizygous animal for the transgene T?
A- T / T
B- T / _
C- _ / _
D- None of the above
A

B- T / _

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11
Q

What are possible combinations that could produce an animal homozygous for a transgene? Choose all that apply.
A- neither parent had the transgene
B- only one parent had the transgene
C- both parents were hemizygous
D- both parents were homozygous
E- one parent was hemizygous and the other did not have the transgene
F- one parent was homozygous and the other one did not have the transgene
G- one parent was homozygous and the other was hemizygous

A

C- both parents were hemizygous
D- both parents were homozygous
G- one parent was homozygous and the other was hemizygous

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12
Q

What is the purpose of mating a female with a vasectomies day male?

A

To induce psuedopregnancy

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13
Q

Will all the offspring of two hemizygous parents inherit at least a copy of the transgene?

A

No

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14
Q

The transgene is inserted at random in the gene with which genetic engineering technique: pronuclear injection or gene-targeted mutation?

A

Pronuclear injection

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15
Q

An animal that contains a targeted section of new DNA that was designed to change a specific gene is called a ____________; an animal that has a fragment of DNA inserted to prevent a gene product from being expressed is called a _____________.

A

Knockin

Knockout

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16
Q

List a reason why mice from inbred lines are preferred for producing transgenics

A

It is easier to identify phenotypic changes in mice that originally have identical phenotypes

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17
Q

In creating a chimera, why is it recommended to use embryonic stem cells from a strain of a different color than the strain used to provide the blastocyst?

A

The coat colors make it possible to identify the chimeras by differences in their phenotype as compared to their parent strains

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18
Q

True or False

Obtaining chimeras that have patches of fur of different colors is a clear indication that there is germline transmission of the gene-targeted mutation.

A

False

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19
Q

Name the four types of animals needed for the production of transgenic animals

A

1- egg donor females (superovulated)
2- embryo recipient females (pseudo pregnant)
3- stud males
4- vasectomized (sterile) makes (duds)

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20
Q

Which sequence of steps should be followed to prepare females for producing blastocysts in the development of gene-targeted animals?

A

1- inject PMSG
2- Inject hCG
3- Mate with stud male
4- harvest embryo

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21
Q

What method is used to cause recipient females to become psuedopregnant?

A

Copulation with vasectomized males

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22
Q

What is the definition of backcrossing?

A

Matin chimera to wild-type

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23
Q

What is the definition of oxytocin?

A

Induces labor

24
Q

What is the definition of dystocia?

A

Difficult labor

25
Q

What is the definition of founders?

A

Pups resulting from pronuclear injection

26
Q

What is the definition of chimeras?

A

Pups produced by gene-targeted mutation

27
Q

Which tissues are usually obtained from rodents for genotyping?

A

Tip of the tail or ear punch

28
Q

True or False

In order to avoid disturbing the litter, the best time to genotype a mouse is within two days of birth

A

False

29
Q

Identify two reasons why cryopreservation can help ensure that a mouse strain remains available and genetically unchanged

A

1- can be used to repopulate the strain if all live animals die or must be euthanized
2- can be used to return to the original genetic make-up when genetic drift has caused changes in the strain

30
Q

Embryos are often obtained for cryopreservation by mating which type of female?

A

Wild-type female

31
Q

Why do are wild-type females used for cryopreservation?

A

Because it is more efficient to purchase wild-type females of the optimum age for superovulation

32
Q

Name two conditions that could be responsible for the lack of offspring following a timed mating

A

1- sterility

2- embryonic lethality

33
Q

What nest describes a congenital strain?

A

The result of backcrossing for 10 generations

34
Q

True or False

CRISPR is a naturally occurring gene repair mechanism

A

True

35
Q 
What is the ideal age range for stud males?
A- 1-4 months
B- 9-13 months
C- 3-8 months
D- 7-12 months
A

C- 3-8 months

36
Q 
when wild type females are bred to hemizygous males, what percentage of the resulting pups can be expected to have the transgene?
A- 0%
B- 50%
C- 100%
D- 25%
A

B- 50%

37
Q 
Cannibalism of new pups is a frequent problem in which mouse strain?
A- CD1
B- FVB; 129/Hemc
C- BALB/c
D- C57BL/6
A

D- C57BL/6

38
Q

Which of the following processes describes recovering a mouse line?
A- Chimeras are genotypes and meizygous ones are mated together
B- Founders resulting pronuclear injection are mated to wild type to produce offspring that have the transgene
C- Frozen embryos are thawed and grown in vitro
D- Frozen embryos are thawed and implanted in a pseudopregnant female

A

D- Frozen embryos are thawed and implanted in a psuedopregnant female

39
Q

What best describes the term transgenesis?
A- The introduction of additional DNA into the genome of an animal
B- The removal of some of the normal genes in an animal cell
C- The introduction of RNA to replace DNA in the nucleus
D- The crossing of animals from different strains

A

A- The introduction of additional DNA into the genome of an animal

40
Q 
An animal developed from a blastocyst injected with embryonic stem cells is known as a:
A- Hermaphrodite
B- Chimera
C- A transgenic hybrid
D- A mosaic animal
A

B- Chimera

41
Q

What is a genome?
A- The observable characteristics of an individual animal
B- The hereditary information contained in the DNA
C- The research technique that identifies specific genes
D- The number of genes present in an animal

A

B- The hereditary information contained in the DNA

42
Q

What are pronuclei?
A- The nuclei of the eggs shortly after fertilization
B- The nuclei in which the DNA was removed
C- The nuclei before injection of a transgene
D- The nuclei of the ova before fertilization

A

A- The nuclei of the eggs shortly after fertilization

43
Q 
Using the pronuclear injection technique, what is the average percentage of offspring carrying the transgene?
A- 20%
B- 50%
C- 80%
D- 5%
A

A- 20%

44
Q

What is a transgene?
A- The fragment of RNA that replaces the DNA in the nucleus
B- A gene that controls the genotype of an animal
C- The fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell
D- A gene created by pronuclear injection

A

C- The fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell

45
Q 
What is the best age to genotype a mouse in order not to disturb the litter?
A- Around weaning time
B- When it reaches sexual maturity
C- Right after birth
D- In the first two weeks of life
A

A- Around weaning time

46
Q

Which of the following is a sign of good maternal care and good pup health?
A- The dam has a bulging abdomen
B- Pups are scattered about the cage
C- A couple of the pups are larger than the others
D- The pups have visible milk spots

A

D- The pups have visible milk spots

47
Q 
What percentage of offspring will inherit the transgene if both parents are homozygous for the transgene?
A- 0%
B- 50%
C- 25%
D- 100%
A

D- 100%

48
Q

Which of the following order of steps should be followed to produce gene-targeted animals?
A- injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); mating with vasectomized male; harvesting of embryo
B- injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); mating with stud male; harvesting of embryo
C- injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); mating with stud male; injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); harvesting of embryo
D- mating with vasectomized male; injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); harvesting of embryo

A

B- injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); mating with stud male; harvesting of embryo

49
Q 
If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be:
A- heterozygous
B- hemizygous
C- homozygous
D- transzygous
A

B- hemizygous

50
Q

What best describes a congenital strain?
A- The result of consecutive matings of two hemizygous transgenic parents
B- The result of consecutive matings of two transgenic homozygous parents
C- The result of backcrossing for 10 generations
D- The result of brother-sister mating of transgenics

A

C- The result of backcrossing for 10 generations

51
Q

Which statement regarding chimeras is FALSE?
A- Chimeras that received the ES cell chromosome have a copy of the mutated gene in every cell
B- Mice arising from a cross of a wild-type with a chimera could exhibit either the mutant copy of the gene from the ES cell or the wild-type copy
C- Like sperm, embryonic stem cells are haploid and always transmit the mutation
D- Cell line pigmentation is used as an estimate of the contribution of the ES cells to the tissues of the body, including the gonads

A

C- Like sperm, embryonic stem cells are haploid and always transmit the mutation

52
Q

Which factor can lead to the embryos collected from donor females for injection of modified DNA not being at the appropriate cell stage of development?
A- Superovulation caused overproduction of eggs
B- Females were sterile
C- Light cycle was disrupted
D- The stud males were from a different strain of mice than the females

A

C- Light cycle was disrupted

53
Q

Which of the following best describes “alleles”?
A- Different DNA fragment found of the same chromosome
B- Genes found on all chromosomes of a species
C- Copies of the same gene
D- The genes produced by insertion of a DNA fragment from another species

A

C- Copies of the same gene

54
Q

Genetically engineered mice are often transported between institutions which often result in:
A- more frequent genotype game mistakes
B- the need for specialized transport vehicles
C- the need for more frequent sentinel testing
D- a simplification of the required paperwork

A

C- the need for more frequent sentinel testing

55
Q 
Cryopreserved embryos and sperm are incubated in which substance?
A- methanol
B- water
C- carbon dioxide
D- liquid nitrogen
A

D- liquid nitrogen

LATG (23 decks)

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