Chapter 16: Pharmacology Flashcards by Lori Akin

The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body is called

Pharmacokinetics

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What are the 4 “hows” of formulary dosage?

1- how much
2- how given
3- how often
4- how long

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True or False

The intended outcome of the therapeutic dose is to produce the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity

True

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True or False

A drug that is given intravenously must be absorbed by tissues before reaching the bloodstream

False

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True or False

In intraperitoneal injection, the drug has to be absorbed through the peritoneum and be taken up by the capillaries before it enters the bloodstream

True

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True or False

Oral administration is the fastest route to reach its peak concentration

False

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True or False

A drug given intravenously generally reaches its site of action quicker than one given intramuscularly

True

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What are the four processes involved with how a drug is handled by the body, which are known by the acronym ADME?

1- absorption
2- distribution
3- metabolism
4- excretion

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The peak effect of a drug occurs fastest with which route of administration?

Intravenous injection

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The breakdown products of drugs are called _______

Metabolites

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What does the actual blood concentration of a drug depend on?

The dose, administration site, and rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion

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True or False

The time of day the drug is administered does not matter

False

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A capsule is an example of a ________ formulation

Controlled-release

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True or False

Excretion of drugs may occur through the milk

True

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Which of the following is a benefit of multimodal therapy?
A- multiple sites of action lead to better clinical outcome
B- there is reduced likelihood of adverse effects
C- lower doses may be used for the same effect
D- all of the above

D- all of the above

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This term refers to the relative safety of a drug

Therapeutic index

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This response is equal to the sum of the drugs given separately

Additive effect

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Term that refers to one drug diminishes or reverses the effect of another

Antagonism

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Term that refers to one drug increases the effect of another

Potentiation

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Term that is a response is more than the sum of the drugs given separately

Synergism

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What are the two major organs involved in the excretion of drugs?

1- liver

2- kidneys

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Name two ways the animal’s gender that may influence the drug response

1- hormone level

2- pregnancy effect on the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs

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Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon:

Time of day

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Why is it important to follow the same schedule for drug administration for all animals in the study?

Because there are changes in body activity during the day which can cause a variation in rates of absorption, distribution, and metabolism

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What is the branch of the US government that regulates human and animal drug use?

Food and Drug Administration

What does it mean when a drug is used “off-label”?

The drug is used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert

Which schedule of drugs has the most potential for addiction according to the Drug Enforcement Agency?

Schedule I

What is the difference between pharmaceutical grade and nonpharmaceutical grade drugs?

A pharmaceutical grade drug has been approved for use in the US by the FDA

For an antibiotic, the term spectrum refers to:

The type of organism it is effective against

True or False Among antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the least serious side effects

False

A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is used to overcome

The bacterial resistance to penicillin

Explain why penicillin should not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters

Penicillins can cause potentially fatal enterotoxemia

True or False Ivermectin should always be given orally

False

Pinworms can be eliminated in rodents by using ________ as a food additive in rodents chow.

Fenbendazole

True or False Administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together has a synergistic effect

True

What compounds are produced from chrysanthemum plants can be used to treat external parasites?

Pyrethrins

What best describes a polyvalent vaccine? A- it is effective in many species B- it protects against multiple diseases C- it comes in combination with other drugs D- it must be given in several dishes over a period of time

B- it protects against multiple diseases

Name three types of information technicians should always check when picking up a vial containing a commercial drug preparation before its use.

1- drug name 2- strength 3- expiration date

``` Which species shows a manic excitement when given doses of morphine that cause depression in most other species? A- Guinea pigs B- Rabbits C- Rodents D- Cats ```

D- Cats

``` A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called: A- Synergistic B- Antagonistic C- Additive D- Potentiating ```

B- Antagonistic

``` Which term is used for the movement of a drug through the body? A- Dissolution B- Metabolism C- Dispersal D- Distribution ```

D- Distribution

``` Whom must an investigator contact before a non pharmaceutical-grade substance can be used in a study? A- Drug company B- OLAW C- FDA D-IACUC ```

D-IACUC

A hamster was treated with penicillin to treat an infection caused by a gram-positive organism. The animal died the morning after the treatment. What is a cause of death that you should immediately consider? A- Penicillin is not effective on gram-positive organisms B- A toxin secreted by Clostridium difficile killed the animal C- The dose of penicillin given was probably too high D- Hamsters secrete an enzyme that inactivated penicillin

B- A toxin secreted by Clostridium difficile killed the animal

``` Gentamicin and kanamycin are examples of which type of antibiotics? A- Aminoglycosides B- Fluoroquinolones C- Penicillins D- Tetracyclines ```

A- Aminglycosides

``` Which condition can result if guinea pigs are administered penicillins? A- Anemia B- Ischemia C- Enterotoxemia D- Viremia ```

C- Enterotoxemia

``` Which of the following represents the relative time (from fastest to the slowest) it generally takes for a drug administered by these routes to begin taking effect? A- IV>IM>SQ>IP>PO B- SQ>IP>IV>PO>IM C- IV>IP>IM>SQ>PO D- IP>IV>SQ>IM>PO ```

C- IV>IP>IM>SQ>PO

``` If an animal does not seem to be tolerating a drug well, which action should be taken by animal care personnel? A- Switch the drug to another B- Contact the veterinarian C- Induce vomiting D- Discontinue the drug ```

B- Contact the veterinarian

``` Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug? A- Attending veterinarian B- Institutional official C- Drug manufacturer D- Principal investigator ```

C- Drug manufacturer

``` The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a(n): A- Maintenance dose B- Concentrated dose C- Formulary dose D- Therapeutic dose ```

D- Therapeutic dose

``` A drug’s BENEFIT and HARM at a body site are also appropriately referred to as: A- Strength and limitation B- Compatibility an antagonism C- Efficacy and toxicity D- Efficiency and loss ```

C- Efficacy and toxicity

``` In which three species should penicillin not be used or used only for short periods of time? A- Mice, rats, and gerbils B- Mice, ferrets, and rats C- Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits D- Cats, dogs, and sheep ```

C- Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits

``` Agents of which US government entity have the right to make unannounced inspections of facilities where controlled substances are present? A- DEA B- NIH C- AAALAC D- OLAW ```

A- DEA

``` Which factor is NOT part of a dosage regimen? A- Absorption rate B- Route of administration C- Duration of treatment D- Frequency of administration ```

A- Absorption rate

``` When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, “modal” refers to different modes of: A- Physiology B- Administration C- Absorption D- Action ```

D- Action

How is a drug classified as pharmaceutical grade in the United States? A- by meeting USDA regulations B- By being FDA approved C- By complying with product labeling requirements D- By being used for the condition specified on its label

B- By being FDA approved

``` Which antibiotics are preferred to treat enteric coccidiosis? A- Fluoroquinolones B- Sulfonamides C- Penicillins D- Aminoglycosides ```

B- Sulfonamides

``` In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as: A- Primary substances B- Drug arrays C- Test articles D- Samples ```

C- Test articles

``` Which term is used for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight? A- Dose B- Dose rate C- Therapeutic dose D- Dosage regimen ```

B- Dose rate

``` Which antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic Protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas? A- Fluoroquinolones B- Nitroimidazoles C- Sulfamides D- Aminoglycosides ```

B- Nitroimidazoles

``` In the United States, which agency regulates drugs that are available on the market for human and animal use? A- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) B- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) C- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) D- Health and Human Services (HHS) ```

B- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

``` Which antibiotics have the potential to cause inner ear and kidney toxicity? A- Fluoroquinolones B- Aminoglycosides C- Penicillins D- Sulfonamides ```

B- Aminoglycosides

Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin? A- To broaden the antibiotic spectrum of activity B- To decrease the effect of the antibiotic C- To activate the antibiotic D- To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

D- To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

``` Which parasiticide is used to treat pinworms in rodents? A- Praziquantel B- Milbemycin oxime C- Amitraz D- Fenbendazole ```

D- Fenbendazole

Which characteristic of synthetic corticosteroids may cause a problem if they are given to an animal suspected of having an infection? A- They increase the level of triglycerides in the blood B- They cause a drop in heart rate C- They reduce the body’s natural immune response D- They can lead to depressed respiration

C- They reduce the body’s natural immune response

``` The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is called: A- Synergistic B- Additive C- Antagonistic D- Potentiating ```

A- Synergistic

``` Miconazole is what type of drug? A- Antibacterial B- Antiviral C- Antiparasitic D- Antifungal ```

D- Antifungal

``` Which antibiotics are preferred to treat enteric coccidiosis? A- Fluorquinolones B- Penicillins C- Sulfonamides D- Aminoglycosides ```

C- Sulfonamides

``` Which of the following is NOT a component of the acronym ADME? A- Affect B- Excretion C- Distribution D- Metabolism ```

A- Affect

``` The use of ivermectin should be avoided or carefully controlled in which group of animals? A- Certain breeds of dogs B- Old world primates C- Animals weighing less than 40 grams D- Rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters ```

A- Certain breeds of dogs

``` Which of the following is NOT a nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)? A- Triamcinolone B- Meloxicam C- Robenacoxib D- Ketoprofen ```

A- Triamcinolone

``` In which species is atropine not effective to reduce salivation under anesthesia? A- Rabbits B- Rats C- Sheep D- Guinea pigs ```

A- Rabbits

What is needed to obtain controlled substances in an animal facility? A- A prescription B- IACUC special exemption C- Availability of a special dedicated room for their use D- Federal and/or state licenses

D- Federal and/or state licenses