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LATG > Chapter 16: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body is called

A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

What are the 4 “hows” of formulary dosage?

A

1- how much
2- how given
3- how often
4- how long

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3
Q

True or False

The intended outcome of the therapeutic dose is to produce the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity

A

True

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4
Q

True or False

A drug that is given intravenously must be absorbed by tissues before reaching the bloodstream

A

False

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5
Q

True or False

In intraperitoneal injection, the drug has to be absorbed through the peritoneum and be taken up by the capillaries before it enters the bloodstream

A

True

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6
Q

True or False

Oral administration is the fastest route to reach its peak concentration

A

False

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7
Q

True or False

A drug given intravenously generally reaches its site of action quicker than one given intramuscularly

A

True

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8
Q

What are the four processes involved with how a drug is handled by the body, which are known by the acronym ADME?

A

1- absorption
2- distribution
3- metabolism
4- excretion

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9
Q

The peak effect of a drug occurs fastest with which route of administration?

A

Intravenous injection

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10
Q

The breakdown products of drugs are called _______

A

Metabolites

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11
Q

What does the actual blood concentration of a drug depend on?

A

The dose, administration site, and rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion

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12
Q

True or False

The time of day the drug is administered does not matter

A

False

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13
Q

A capsule is an example of a ________ formulation

A

Controlled-release

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14
Q

True or False

Excretion of drugs may occur through the milk

A

True

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15
Q

Which of the following is a benefit of multimodal therapy?
A- multiple sites of action lead to better clinical outcome
B- there is reduced likelihood of adverse effects
C- lower doses may be used for the same effect
D- all of the above

A

D- all of the above

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16
Q

This term refers to the relative safety of a drug

A

Therapeutic index

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17
Q

This response is equal to the sum of the drugs given separately

A

Additive effect

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18
Q

Term that refers to one drug diminishes or reverses the effect of another

A

Antagonism

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19
Q

Term that refers to one drug increases the effect of another

A

Potentiation

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20
Q

Term that is a response is more than the sum of the drugs given separately

A

Synergism

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21
Q

What are the two major organs involved in the excretion of drugs?

A

1- liver

2- kidneys

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22
Q

Name two ways the animal’s gender that may influence the drug response

A

1- hormone level

2- pregnancy effect on the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs

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23
Q

Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon:

A

Time of day

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24
Q

Why is it important to follow the same schedule for drug administration for all animals in the study?

A

Because there are changes in body activity during the day which can cause a variation in rates of absorption, distribution, and metabolism

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25
Q

What is the branch of the US government that regulates human and animal drug use?

A

Food and Drug Administration

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26
Q

What does it mean when a drug is used “off-label”?

A

The drug is used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert

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27
Q

Which schedule of drugs has the most potential for addiction according to the Drug Enforcement Agency?

A

Schedule I

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28
Q

What is the difference between pharmaceutical grade and nonpharmaceutical grade drugs?

A

A pharmaceutical grade drug has been approved for use in the US by the FDA

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29
Q

For an antibiotic, the term spectrum refers to:

A

The type of organism it is effective against

30
Q

True or False

Among antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the least serious side effects

A

False

31
Q

A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is used to overcome

A

The bacterial resistance to penicillin

32
Q

Explain why penicillin should not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters

A

Penicillins can cause potentially fatal enterotoxemia

33
Q

True or False

Ivermectin should always be given orally

A

False

34
Q

Pinworms can be eliminated in rodents by using ________ as a food additive in rodents chow.

A

Fenbendazole

35
Q

True or False

Administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together has a synergistic effect

A

True

36
Q

What compounds are produced from chrysanthemum plants can be used to treat external parasites?

A

Pyrethrins

37
Q

What best describes a polyvalent vaccine?
A- it is effective in many species
B- it protects against multiple diseases
C- it comes in combination with other drugs
D- it must be given in several dishes over a period of time

A

B- it protects against multiple diseases

38
Q

Name three types of information technicians should always check when picking up a vial containing a commercial drug preparation before its use.

A

1- drug name
2- strength
3- expiration date

39
Q 
Which species shows a manic excitement when given doses of morphine that cause depression in most other species?
A- Guinea pigs
B- Rabbits
C- Rodents
D- Cats
A

D- Cats

40
Q 
A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called:
A- Synergistic
B- Antagonistic
C- Additive
D- Potentiating
A

B- Antagonistic

41
Q 
Which term is used for the movement of a drug through the body?
A- Dissolution
B- Metabolism
C- Dispersal
D- Distribution
A

D- Distribution

42
Q 
Whom must an investigator contact before a non pharmaceutical-grade substance can be used in a study?
A- Drug company
B- OLAW
C- FDA
D-IACUC
A

D-IACUC

43
Q

A hamster was treated with penicillin to treat an infection caused by a gram-positive organism. The animal died the morning after the treatment. What is a cause of death that you should immediately consider?
A- Penicillin is not effective on gram-positive organisms
B- A toxin secreted by Clostridium difficile killed the animal
C- The dose of penicillin given was probably too high
D- Hamsters secrete an enzyme that inactivated penicillin

A

B- A toxin secreted by Clostridium difficile killed the animal

44
Q 
Gentamicin and kanamycin are examples of which type of antibiotics?
A- Aminoglycosides
B- Fluoroquinolones
C- Penicillins
D- Tetracyclines
A

A- Aminglycosides

45
Q 
Which condition can result if guinea pigs are administered penicillins?
A- Anemia
B- Ischemia
C- Enterotoxemia
D- Viremia
A

C- Enterotoxemia

46
Q 
Which of the following represents the relative time (from fastest to the slowest) it generally takes for a drug administered by these routes to begin taking effect?
A- IV>IM>SQ>IP>PO
B- SQ>IP>IV>PO>IM
C- IV>IP>IM>SQ>PO
D- IP>IV>SQ>IM>PO
A

C- IV>IP>IM>SQ>PO

47
Q 
If an animal does not seem to be tolerating a drug well, which action should be taken by animal care personnel?
A- Switch the drug to another
B- Contact the veterinarian 
C- Induce vomiting
D- Discontinue the drug
A

B- Contact the veterinarian

48
Q 
Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?
A- Attending veterinarian 
B- Institutional official
C- Drug manufacturer
D- Principal investigator
A

C- Drug manufacturer

49
Q 
The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a(n):
A- Maintenance dose
B- Concentrated dose
C- Formulary dose
D- Therapeutic dose
A

D- Therapeutic dose

50
Q 
A drug’s BENEFIT and HARM at a body site are also appropriately referred to as:
A- Strength and limitation
B- Compatibility an antagonism
C- Efficacy and toxicity
D- Efficiency and loss
A

C- Efficacy and toxicity

51
Q 
In which three species should penicillin not be used or used only for short periods of time?
A- Mice, rats, and gerbils
B- Mice, ferrets, and rats
C- Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits
D- Cats, dogs, and sheep
A

C- Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits

52
Q 
Agents of which US government entity have the right to make unannounced inspections of facilities where controlled substances are present?
A- DEA
B- NIH
C- AAALAC
D- OLAW
A

A- DEA

53
Q 
Which factor is NOT part of a dosage regimen?
A- Absorption rate
B- Route of administration
C- Duration of treatment
D- Frequency of administration
A

A- Absorption rate

54
Q 
When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, “modal” refers to different modes of:
A- Physiology
B- Administration
C- Absorption
D- Action
A

D- Action

55
Q

How is a drug classified as pharmaceutical grade in the United States?
A- by meeting USDA regulations
B- By being FDA approved
C- By complying with product labeling requirements
D- By being used for the condition specified on its label

A

B- By being FDA approved

56
Q 
Which antibiotics are preferred to treat enteric coccidiosis?
A- Fluoroquinolones
B- Sulfonamides
C- Penicillins
D- Aminoglycosides
A

B- Sulfonamides

57
Q 
In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:
A- Primary substances
B- Drug arrays
C- Test articles
D- Samples
A

C- Test articles

58
Q 
Which term is used for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight?
A- Dose
B- Dose rate
C- Therapeutic dose
D- Dosage regimen
A

B- Dose rate

59
Q 
Which antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic Protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?
A- Fluoroquinolones
B- Nitroimidazoles
C- Sulfamides
D- Aminoglycosides
A

B- Nitroimidazoles

60
Q 
In the United States, which agency regulates drugs that are available on the market for human and animal use?
A- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
B- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
C- US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
D- Health and Human Services (HHS)
A

B- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

61
Q 
Which antibiotics have the potential to cause inner ear and kidney toxicity?
A- Fluoroquinolones
B- Aminoglycosides
C- Penicillins
D- Sulfonamides
A

B- Aminoglycosides

62
Q

Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?
A- To broaden the antibiotic spectrum of activity
B- To decrease the effect of the antibiotic
C- To activate the antibiotic
D- To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

A

D- To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

63
Q 
Which parasiticide is used to treat pinworms in rodents?
A- Praziquantel
B- Milbemycin oxime
C- Amitraz
D- Fenbendazole
A

D- Fenbendazole

64
Q

Which characteristic of synthetic corticosteroids may cause a problem if they are given to an animal suspected of having an infection?
A- They increase the level of triglycerides in the blood
B- They cause a drop in heart rate
C- They reduce the body’s natural immune response
D- They can lead to depressed respiration

A

C- They reduce the body’s natural immune response

65
Q 
The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is called:
A- Synergistic
B- Additive
C- Antagonistic
D- Potentiating
A

A- Synergistic

66
Q 
Miconazole is what type of drug?
A- Antibacterial
B- Antiviral 
C- Antiparasitic
D- Antifungal
A

D- Antifungal

67
Q 
Which antibiotics are preferred to treat enteric coccidiosis?
A- Fluorquinolones
B- Penicillins
C- Sulfonamides
D- Aminoglycosides
A

C- Sulfonamides

68
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a component of the acronym ADME?
A- Affect
B- Excretion
C- Distribution
D- Metabolism
A

A- Affect

69
Q 
The use of ivermectin should be avoided or carefully controlled in which group of animals?
A- Certain breeds of dogs
B- Old world primates
C- Animals weighing less than 40 grams
D- Rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters
A

A- Certain breeds of dogs

70
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
A- Triamcinolone
B- Meloxicam
C- Robenacoxib
D- Ketoprofen
A

A- Triamcinolone

71
Q 
In which species is atropine not effective to reduce salivation under anesthesia?
A- Rabbits
B- Rats
C- Sheep
D- Guinea pigs
A

A- Rabbits

72
Q

What is needed to obtain controlled substances in an animal facility?
A- A prescription
B- IACUC special exemption
C- Availability of a special dedicated room for their use
D- Federal and/or state licenses

A

D- Federal and/or state licenses

LATG (23 decks)

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